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"Grenier, Amanda"
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Late-Life Homelessness
Late-Life Homelessness is the first Canadian book to address this often neglected issue. Drawing from a four-year ethnographic study of late-life homelessness in Montreal, Canada, Amanda Grenier uses a critical gerontological perspective to explore life at the intersection of older age and homelessness.
eBook
The conspicuous absence of the social, emotional and political aspects of frailty: the example of the White Book on Frailty
Over the last 15 years, frailty has become a dominant discourse on late life. Taken-for-granted knowledge and practice can be seen in initiatives such as the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics’ White Book on Frailty. This paper begins with an overview of key themes on frailty from the biomedical literature, followed by critical literature in the social sciences and humanities. It discusses the tensions within the biomedical field, frailty as a social construction and ‘social imaginary’, practices of frailty as historically linked to political systems of care, and frailty as an emotional and relational experience. It then draws on a critical discourse analysis to assess the 2016 White Book on Frailty. Drawing on the idea of ‘significant absences’, the paper highlights the gaps that exist where the social and emotional understandings and political readings of frailty are concerned. The paper concludes by outlining the need to recognise the ‘politics of frailty’ including the power relations that are deeply embedded in the knowledge and practices surrounding frailty, and to incorporate older people's experience and ideas of vulnerability into research, policy and care practice.
Journal Article
Age-related bias and artificial intelligence: a scoping review
There are widespread concerns about bias and discriminatory output related to artificial intelligence (AI), which may propagate social biases and disparities. Digital ageism refers to ageism reflected design, development, and implementation of AI systems and technologies and its resultant data. Currently, the prevalence of digital ageism and the sources of AI bias are unknown. A scoping review informed by the Arksey and O’Malley methodology was undertaken to explore age-related bias in AI systems, identify how AI systems encode, produce, or reinforce age-related bias, what is known about digital ageism, and the social, ethical and legal implications of age-related bias. A comprehensive search strategy that included five electronic bases and grey literature sources including legal sources was conducted. A framework of machine learning biases spanning from data to user by Mehrabi et al. is used to present the findings (Mehrabi et al. 2021). The academic search resulted in 7595 articles that were screened according to the inclusion criteria, of which 307 were included for full-text screening, and 49 were included in this review. The grey literature search resulted in 2639 documents screened, of which 235 were included for full text screening, and 25 were found to be relevant to the research questions pertaining to age and AI. As a result, a total of 74 documents were included in this review. The results show that the most common AI applications that intersected with age were age recognition and facial recognition systems. The most frequent machine learning algorithms used were convolutional neural networks and support vector machines. Bias was most frequently introduced in the early ‘data to algorithm’ phase in machine learning and the ‘algorithm to user’ phase specifically with representation bias ( n = 33) and evaluation bias ( n = 29), respectively (Mehrabi et al. 2021). The review concludes with a discussion of the ethical implications for the field of AI and recommendations for future research.
Journal Article
Supported decision-making with persons with dementia: a scoping review protocol in partnership with lived experts
IntroductionThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities asserts that all persons with disabilities have the right to receive the support they require to participate in decisions that affect them. Yet, persons with dementia continue to be excluded from decisions on issues that matter to them. Our planned scoping review seeks to address this gap by documenting the current knowledge on supported decision-making for persons with dementia and informing the next steps for research and practice.Methods and analysisWe will use Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) six-stage framework to guide our review of the English scientific literature (2005 onwards), searching the following databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, AgeLine and the Social Science Abstracts. Our review will focus on primary studies examining supported decision-making for persons with dementia, including the voices of those with dementia. Guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews, we will identify (1) domains of supported decision-making discussed in the empirical literature and (2) practices/factors that facilitate or inhibit supported decision-making. Consultations with persons with dementia and their care partners will provide insights into lived experiences, helping identify gaps between research literature and lived realities. The preliminary title and abstract search for eligible articles were conducted between August and October 2023 and updated in June 2024, yielding 56 eligible articles for review.Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review will be conducted following the standards of the Tri-Council Policy Statement for Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (1998 with 2000, 2002 and 2005 amendments). The procedures for eliciting feedback from persons with dementia and their care partners were approved by the Office of Research Ethics Board at McGill University (Reference # 23-08-048). Dissemination of review findings to persons with dementia and care partners will occur during ongoing community consultations. Visual aids and brief lay summaries will be used to facilitate input and dialogue. Dissemination to the broader practice and research communities will include workshops conducted in collaboration with study partners and presentations and publications in peer-reviewed forums.
Journal Article
EXTENDING GERONTOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND THEORY THROUGH ETHNOGRAPHIC CASE STUDY METHODS
Experiences of older people deemed to be ‘at risk or ‘in need’ of intervention are often viewed through professional classifications with corresponding ‘objective’ indices. Concepts such as frailty and mobility, which have come to draw international policy attention, and arguably shape understandings of aging, are also produced within disciplinary knowledge(s) and powerful practices that prioritize particular components over others. As critical perspectives have revealed, such processes can marginalize groups of older people, resulting in research that articulates counter positions based on disjuncture between classifications, responses, and experience. Yet, operating in the inter-disciplinary, bio-medical/technocratic, and applied contexts of gerontology, research findings themselves become sets of knowledge and discourse which are understood as binaries, with the associated sociological theoretical perspectives often marginalized in the process. This paper suggests that ethnographic case study methods can be used to better understand the social complexities of aging, including the framing and interpretation of experience(s), the everyday contexts where older people negotiate and enact relationships and lives over time, and the ways in which evidence is used to design and respond to (or deny) older people’s needs. It takes a critical position focused on the production of knowledge and the experiences of older people in the context of social, cultural, and political relations, arguing for methods which render visible the complex realities of aging that are constructed, experienced and lived through, in space and time. It outlines the ethnographic case study as one potential method to carry out this work, presenting examples on frailty and (im)mobility.
Journal Article
Strategies to Mitigate Age-Related Bias in Machine Learning: Scoping Review
Research suggests that digital ageism, that is, age-related bias, is present in the development and deployment of machine learning (ML) models. Despite the recognition of the importance of this problem, there is a lack of research that specifically examines the strategies used to mitigate age-related bias in ML models and the effectiveness of these strategies.
To address this gap, we conducted a scoping review of mitigation strategies to reduce age-related bias in ML.
We followed a scoping review methodology framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley. The search was developed in conjunction with an information specialist and conducted in 6 electronic databases (IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the ACM digital library), as well as 2 additional gray literature databases (OpenGrey and Grey Literature Report).
We identified 8 publications that attempted to mitigate age-related bias in ML approaches. Age-related bias was introduced primarily due to a lack of representation of older adults in the data. Efforts to mitigate bias were categorized into one of three approaches: (1) creating a more balanced data set, (2) augmenting and supplementing their data, and (3) modifying the algorithm directly to achieve a more balanced result.
Identifying and mitigating related biases in ML models is critical to fostering fairness, equity, inclusion, and social benefits. Our analysis underscores the ongoing need for rigorous research and the development of effective mitigation approaches to address digital ageism, ensuring that ML systems are used in a way that upholds the interests of all individuals.
Open Science Framework AMG5P; https://osf.io/amg5p.
Journal Article
Late-Life Homelessness
Around the world and across a range of contexts, homelessness among older people is on the rise. In spite of growing media attention and new academic research on the issue, older people often remain unrecognized as a subpopulation in public policy, programs, and homeless strategies. As such, they occupy a paradoxical position of being hypervisible while remaining overlooked.Late-Life Homelessness is the first Canadian book to address this often neglected issue. Basing her analysis on a four-year ethnographic study of late-life homelessness in Montreal, Canada, Amanda Grenier uses a critical gerontological perspective to explore life at the intersection of aging and homelessness. She draws attention to disadvantage over time and how the condition of being unhoused disrupts a person's ability to age in place, resulting in experiences of unequal aging. Weaving together findings from policy documents, stakeholder insights, and observations and interviews with older...
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ILLUSTRATIONS OF EXTENDED WORKING LIVES: WHAT INSIGHTS DO THE CONCEPTS OF EXCLUSION AND PRECARITY OFFER?
Abstract
Amanda Grenier will act as the discussant for the set of papers in this symposia session, bridging insights from European research with North American perspectives. Situated as an attempt to bridge research findings with a larger critical practice of theory-building theory, she will explore what the concepts of exclusion and precarity offer our interpretations of these papers, as well as how the findings of each contribute to the state of knowledge on exclusion and precarity. She will begin with a brief clarification of the definitions and conceptual boundaries of social exclusion and precarity carried out in Europe and North America and situate key findings of the papers as an effort to theorize older workers lives in contemporary conditions. For example, the well-known concept and domains of social exclusion can be considered to offer ways of understanding processes of exclusion at the mezzo level, as exercised through policies, practices, and/or place. Illustrations from the papers will be linked with existing work on exclusion. She will then draw attention to the concept of precarity as a lens of analysis to connect the micro-level vulnerabilities experienced in the working lives of older people with the shifting social and state structures that form the backdrop for older people’s lives (and the systems within which European research is carried out). Specific examples will be drawn from the set of papers, and a moderated question and answer period will follow.
Journal Article
Ageism and Artificial Intelligence: Protocol for a Scoping Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a major driver of technological development in the 21st century, yet little attention has been paid to algorithmic biases toward older adults.
This paper documents the search strategy and process for a scoping review exploring how age-related bias is encoded or amplified in AI systems as well as the corresponding legal and ethical implications.
The scoping review follows a 6-stage methodology framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley. The search strategy has been established in 6 databases. We will investigate the legal implications of ageism in AI by searching grey literature databases, targeted websites, and popular search engines and using an iterative search strategy. Studies meet the inclusion criteria if they are in English, peer-reviewed, available electronically in full text, and meet one of the following two additional criteria: (1) include \"bias\" related to AI in any application (eg, facial recognition) and (2) discuss bias related to the concept of old age or ageism. At least two reviewers will independently conduct the title, abstract, and full-text screening. Search results will be reported using the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) reporting guideline. We will chart data on a structured form and conduct a thematic analysis to highlight the societal, legal, and ethical implications reported in the literature.
The database searches resulted in 7595 records when the searches were piloted in November 2021. The scoping review will be completed by December 2022.
The findings will provide interdisciplinary insights into the extent of age-related bias in AI systems. The results will contribute foundational knowledge that can encourage multisectoral cooperation to ensure that AI is developed and deployed in a manner consistent with ethical values and human rights legislation as it relates to an older and aging population. We will publish the review findings in peer-reviewed journals and disseminate the key results with stakeholders via workshops and webinars.
OSF Registries AMG5P; https://osf.io/amg5p.
DERR1-10.2196/33211.
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