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RationaleMajor depressive episodes are severe mood episodes which occur both in major depressive disorder and bipolar I and II disorder. Major depressive episodes are characterized by debilitating symptoms that often persist and interfere with typical daily functioning. Various treatments exist for major depressive episodes; however, most primary pharmacologic treatments may take weeks to months to provide relief from depressive symptoms. Ketamine is a demonstrated treatment for major depressive episodes, as relief from depressive symptoms can occur rapidly following treatment.ObjectivesPrior meta-analyses have been conducted to analyze the effectiveness of ketamine for the treatment of major depressive episodes, but at the time of this writing, no meta-analysis had been conducted to observe ketamine treatment efficacy beyond 2 weeks.MethodsThe present meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of ketamine for the treatment of major depressive episodes; observations of depressive episode severity were analyzed at 2, 4, and 6-weeks post-treatment.ResultsThe present meta-analysis observed large effects at 2 weeks (g = −1.28), 4 weeks, (g = −1.28), and 6 weeks (g = −1.36) post-treatment.ConclusionsThe results from the present meta-analysis indicate that ketamine can be an effective pharmacologic intervention for major depressive episodes, with treatment effects lasting up to 6 weeks post-ketamine administration, which has many positive implications for treatment.

Celebrity worship, conceptualized as an obsessive admiration of celebrities, has generated considerable research interest over the past two decades. Admiration towards a favorite celebrity has been commonly assessed by the 23-item Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS). Recently, a 7-item short version (CAS-7) was developed on a representative sample of Hungarian adults. This study aimed to provide further evidence for the validity and reliability of the CAS-7 measure by extending the investigation of its factor structure to other cultures and populations. Data from 4,353 participants (64.4% women, Mage = 28.22 years, SD = 11.80, age range: 14-93 years) across five countries (Canada, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, US) were used, which was collected through online questionnaires. Consistent with previous findings, the bifactor structure with celebrity worship as a general factor and entertainment-social and intense-pathological specific factors showed the best fit in all samples. Reliability indices for the celebrity worship general factor were good. The present findings confirmed the reliability and the consistency of the factor structure of the CAS-7 across different samples, providing further evidence for the applicability of the CAS-7 in different cultures.

While lying and other strategic forms of deception are commonplace in social interactions, dishonesty is difficult to detect. Researchers have attempted to increase deception detection accuracy by exploring how behavior changes when people lie. This body of research has revealed few consistent behavioral changes that occur when people lie. Several studies have also examined people's beliefs about deceptive behavior, with much of that research showing that people hold many incorrect beliefs about how liars behave. Thus, the known behavioral cues of lying are limited, and most people hold false beliefs about valid indicators of lying. This study aimed to add clarity by asking liars themselves to report the behavioral tactics and techniques they use when lying. In an exploratory descriptive analysis, 228 participants described the verbal and non-verbal behavioral tactics they use to tell convincing lies. Their responses were categorized by independent raters who found that most reported strategies fell into a small number of categories. A second group of 198 participants then reported the frequency with which they used each of those tactics. The results provide insights into the self-reported tactics people use to tell lies.

Celebrity worship, conceptualized as an obsessive admiration of celebrities, has generated considerable research interest over the past two decades. Admiration towards a favorite celebrity has been commonly assessed by the 23-item Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS). Recently, a 7-item short version (CAS-7) was developed on a representative sample of Hungarian adults. This study aimed to provide further evidence for the validity and reliability of the CAS-7 measure by extending the investigation of its factor structure to other cultures and populations. Data from 4,353 participants (64.4% women, M.sub.age = 28.22 years, SD = 11.80, age range: 14-93 years) across five countries (Canada, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, US) were used, which was collected through online questionnaires. Consistent with previous findings, the bifactor structure with celebrity worship as a general factor and entertainment-social and intense-pathological specific factors showed the best fit in all samples. Reliability indices for the celebrity worship general factor were good. The present findings confirmed the reliability and the consistency of the factor structure of the CAS-7 across different samples, providing further evidence for the applicability of the CAS-7 in different cultures.

The present study examined rates of scholarly productivity amongst academic psychologists in the United States, including annual peer-reviewed publication rate, normative rates per year of conference presentations and book chapters as well as the average amount of annual grant monies. Psychology faculty at 4-year or higher institutions in the United States were recruited via an email invitation, resulting in 1,214 participants. Participants were examined according to their institutions’ Carnegie Classification. The largest observed group in our sample were from master’s Colleges and Universities: Larger Programs, M1 category, ( N  = 350; 28.83%), whereas the smallest observed group were from baccalaureate Colleges: Diverse Fields, B/DF category, ( N  = 47; 3.87%). Results indicated a significant effect of Carnegie Classification on rates of scholarly productivity, such that faculty at R1 and R2 institutions outperformed all other Carnegie Classifications on all measures. In addition, faculty at R1 institutions outperformed faculty at R2 institutions on all measures except for conference presentations. Given that scholarly output is used as an indicator in tenure and promotion processes, the present study provides essential reference information for academic psychologists in the United States.

The damaged goods hypothesis posits that female performers in the adult entertainment industry have higher rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), psychological problems, and drug use compared to the typical woman. The present study compared the self-reports of 177 porn actresses to a sample of women matched on age, ethnicity, and marital status. Comparisons were conducted on sexual behaviors and attitudes, self-esteem, quality of life, and drug use. Porn actresses were more likely to identify as bisexual, first had sex at an earlier age, had more sexual partners, were more concerned about contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and enjoyed sex more than the matched sample, although there were no differences in incidence of CSA. In terms of psychological characteristics, porn actresses had higher levels of self-esteem, positive feelings, social support, sexual satisfaction, and spirituality compared to the matched group. Last, female performers were more likely to have ever used 10 different types of drugs compared to the comparison group. A discriminant function analysis was able to correctly classify 83% of the participants concerning whether they were a porn actress or member of the matched sample. These findings did not provide support for the damaged goods hypothesis.

The assumed characteristics of individuals in the adult entertainment industry have been used to advocate positions for and against pornography. Although prior studies have investigated perceptions of porn actors, no data on the actual characteristics of this group exist. The present study compared the self-reports of 105 male and 177 female porn actors to the perceptions of 399 college students on childhood sexual abuse (CSA), self-esteem, work and non-work sexual behaviors, and safe sex issues. College students were asked to identify the characteristics associated with either a male or female porn star. College students provided underestimates for both female and male porn actors on self-esteem, age of first intercourse, lifetime number of partners outside of work, ideal experience in a romantic partner, concerns regarding sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), enjoyment of sex, and condom use during a first time sexual encounter, but overestimated earnings. Additional differences among male porn stars included an underestimate of the number of partners at work. For female porn stars, college students underestimated their enjoyment of work, the probability of catching an STD, and having unprotected sex. Although there were no significant differences on perceived rates of childhood abuse of porn actors, the incidence of CSA among the porn actor participants were within the ranges of the general population. The majority of college student stereotypes were not supported regarding the perceptions of porn actors. These findings were discussed within the context of attributing unfounded characteristics of individuals to an entire industry.

Disproportionate minority contact is an important issue in contemporary juvenile justice. Few studies have directly examined the link between race and judicial decision to incarceration. Using official data from Pennsylvania ( n  = 41,561), this study added to this literature in two ways. This study used propensity score matching to obtain a purer estimate of the influence race has on the decision to petition a case to juvenile court. The results indicated that prosecutors use perceptual shorthand in making this decision that hinges on race. Specifically, blacks were more 1.28 times more likely than whites to have their case petitioned to juvenile court.

We sought to conceptually replicate a previous finding, namely that persons who tend to 'worship' celebrities also tend to score low on measures of cognitive ability. We administered the Celebrity Attitude Scale, two measures of cognitive ability, and one measure of attitude about cognition. We also attempted to determine why this relationship held true by correlating CAS scores with scores on the Reasons for Admiring Celebs Scale, an 18-item scale that presented five reasons why 'smart' persons might tend not to be celebrity worshippers. Results showed minimal support for the previous finding, and factor analysis failed to yield a coherent rationale for why celebrity worshipers tend to score low on cognitive measures. Results were discussed in light of the previous study and suggestions were made for the further study of the relationship between cognitive ability and celebrity worship.

In this study, men and women were surveyed about their attitudes toward the use of white lies and other forms of benevolent deception in their romantic relationships. We predicted that people would be more accepting of telling lies than of having lies told to them. Furthermore, we predicted that women would be more accepting than men of benevolent deception in their romantic relationships. We found that people were more tolerant of telling benevolent lies than they were of being told such lies. However, we found that men, not women, were more accepting of benevolent deception in their relationships.