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The interest in cultured meat is increasing because of the problems with conventional livestock industry. Recently, many studies related to cultured meat have been conducted, but producing large‐sized cultured meat remains a challenge. It is aimed to introduce 3D bioprinting for producing large cell aggregates for cultured meat production. A hydrogel scaffold is produced at the centimeter scale using a bioink consisting of photocrosslinkable materials for digital light processing‐based (DLP) printing, which has high printing accuracy and can produce geometrically complex structures. The light exposure time for hydrogel photopolymerization by DLP bioprinting is optimized based on photorheometry and cell viability assays. Naturally immortalized bovine embryonic fibroblast cells transformed with MyoD and PPARγ2 instead of primary cells are used as the latter have difficulties in maintaining stemness and are associated with animal ethics issues. The cells are mixed into the hydrogel for printing. Myogenesis and adipogenesis are induced simply by changing the medium after printing. Scaffolds are obtained successfully with living cells and large microchannels. The cooked cultured meat maintains its size and shape upon cutting. The overall dimensions are 3.43 cm × 5.53 cm × 0.96 cm. This study provides proof‐of‐concept for producing 3D cultured meat using bioinks. 3D‐bioprinted steak‐type cultured meat production process using digital light processing‐based printing is suitable for solving the scalability challenges. The method allows not only using a simple mixture of muscle and fat cells but also controlling the muscle‐to‐fat ratio.

Identification of grain shape determining genes can facilitate breeding of rice cultivars with optimal grain shape and appearance quality. Here, we identify GS9 ( Grain Shape Gene on Chromosome 9 ) gene by map-based cloning. The gs9 null mutant has slender grains, while overexpression GS9 results in round grains. GS9 encodes a protein without known conserved functional domain. It regulates grain shape by altering cell division. The interaction of GS9 and ovate family proteins OsOFP14 and OsOFP8 is modulated by OsGSK2 kinase, a key regulator of the brassinosteroids signaling pathway. Genetic interaction analysis reveals that GS9 functions independently from other previously identified grain size genes. Introducing the gs9 allele into elite rice cultivars significantly improves grain shape and appearance quality. It suggests potential application of gs9 , alone or in combination with other grain size determining genes, in breeding of rice varieties with optimized grain shape. Rice grain shape or size is an important trait associated with both yield and appearance quality. Here, the authors identify GS9 as a negative transcription regulator of slender grain and show it can improve grain shape and appearance independently from other previously identified grain size genes.

SUMOylation is a reversible post-translational modification which has emerged as a crucial molecular regulatory mechanism, involved in the regulation of DNA damage repair, immune responses, carcinogenesis, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Four SUMO isoforms have been identified, which are SUMO1, SUMO2/3 and SUMO4. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway is conserved in all eukaryotes and plays pivotal roles in the regulation of gene expression, cellular signaling and the maintenance of genomic integrity. The SUMO catalytic cycle includes maturation, activation, conjugation, ligation and de-modification. The dysregulation of the SUMO system is associated with a number of diseases, particularly cancer. SUMOylation is widely involved in carcinogenesis, DNA damage response, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis. SUMO can be used as a potential therapeutic target for cancer. In this review, we briefly outline the basic concepts of the SUMO system and summarize the involvement of SUMO proteins in cancer cells in order to better understand the role of SUMO in human disease.

Lactobacillus johnsonii is a commensal bacterium isolated from the vaginal and gastrointestinal tracts of vertebrate hosts, including humans. It is a potential anti-inflammatory bacterium. As reported in many animal studies, L. johnsonii supplementation reduces inflammation in the intestine and enhances the epithelial barrier. However, in this study, we observed immunostimulatory effects of heat-killed L. johnsonii JERA01 (LJ) supplementation on antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, in mice. LJ pretreatment increased the expression of maturation markers and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p40 production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages (BMDCs and BMDMs). Co-culture of LJ-pretreated BMDCs or BMDMs with lymphocytes enhanced IFN-γ production in vitro . Oral LJ (10 8 CFU) supplementation induced macrophage infiltration into the peritoneal cavity and Peyer’s patch at 12-h after administration, resulting in an increase in the population of IFN-γ-producing T cells in the Peyer’s patch. Our investigation revealed the effects of LJ, which activates macrophages and increases the Th-1 T cell population in the intestine, implying the possibility of using L. johnsonii as an immune stimulator.

In this trial from China involving 1412 patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting within 4.5 hours, the percentage who had an excellent functional outcome at 90 days was 79.5% with reteplase and 70.4% with alteplase.

China faces the greatest challenge from stroke in the world. According to results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, there were 3.94 million new stroke cases, 28.76 million prevalent cases and 2.19 million deaths due to stroke in China in 2019. Furthermore, stroke is also the leading cause of disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) in China, the number of DALYs reached 45.9 million in 2019. Several recent large-scale epidemiological surveys have updated the data on pre-existing conditions contributed to stroke. The age-adjusted prevalence of overweight among Chinese adults aged 18–69 years was 34.4%, and the prevalence of obesity was 16.8% in 2018. 50.9% of Chinese adults ≥18 years of age without history of hypertension had prehypertension in 2018. The weighted prevalence of hypertension in adults was 27.5% in 2018. The weighted prevalence of total diabetes and pre-diabetes diagnosed by the American Diabetes Association criteria were 12.8% and 35.2%, respectively, among Chinese adults ≥18 years of age in 2017. The weighted atrial fibrillation prevalence was 1.8% among Chinese adults ≥45 years of age and equates to being present in an estimated 7.9 million people in China. Data from 1672 tertiary public hospitals in the Hospital Quality Monitoring System (HQMS) showed that 3 411 168 stroke cases were admitted during 2019. Of those, 2 818 875 (82.6%) were ischaemic strokes (ISs), 485 474 (14.2%) were intracerebral haemorrhages (ICHs), 106 819 (3.1%) were subarachnoid haemorrhages (SAHs). The average age was 66 years old, and 59.6% were male. A total of 1379 (<0.1%), 2604 (0.5%), 1250 (1.2%) paediatric strokes (age <18 years) were identified among IS, ICH and SAH, respectively. Over one-third (1 231 519 (36.1%)) of the stroke cases were covered by urban resident basic medical insurance, followed by urban employee basic medical insurance (891 103 (26.1%)) and new rural cooperative medical schema (543 108 (15.9%)). The leading risk factor was hypertension (57.3% for IS, 69.9% for ICH and 44.1% for SAH), and the leading comorbidity was pneumonia or pulmonary infection (10.4% for IS, 34.6% for ICH and 29.7% for SAH). In-hospital death/discharge against medical advice rate was 8.5%, ranging from 6.0% for IS to 20.6% for SAH. The median and IQR of length of stay was 9.0 (6.0–13.0) days, ranging from 10.0 (7.0–13.0) in IS to 14.0 (8.0–22.0) in ICH. Similar data from 2847 secondary public hospitals or private hospitals in the HQMS were also reported. Data from HQMS showed that higher proportions of interprovincial admission to other provinces were seen in Inner Mongolia, Anhui, Tibet and Beijing. Higher proportions of interprovincial admission from other provinces were seen in Beijng, Tianjin, Shanghai and Ningxia. Data from 323 601 strokes from 1337 hospitals in the Chinese Stroke Center Alliance during 2019 demonstrated that the composite scores of guideline-recommended key performance indicators for patients with IS, ICH and SAH were 0.78±0.20, 0.69±0.27 and 0.60±0.31, respectively.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of HS on HSPs gene expression in bovine PBMCs of beef calves in in vitro and in vivo models. In the in vitro experiment, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of five beef calves (age: 174.2 ± 5.20 days, BW: 145.2 ± 5.21 kg). In the in vivo experiment, sixteen Korean native male beef calves (age: 169.6 ± 4.60 days, BW: 136.9 ± 6.23 kg) were exposed to ambient temperature for seven days (22 to 24 °C, relative humidity 60%; temperature–humidity index (THI) = 68 to 70) and subsequently to the temperature and humidity corresponding to the target THI level for 21 days (HS). For PBMC isolation, blood samples were collected every three days. In the in vitro model, the cell viability was significantly decreased in HS groups compared with the control group (p = 0.015). The expression of HSP70 (p = 0.022), HSP90 (p = 0.003) and HSPB1 (p = 0.026) genes was increased in the HS group in in vitro model. In the in vivo experiment, the HSP70 gene expression was increased after sudden exposure to HS conditions (severe THI levels; THI = 88 to 90), whereas HSP90 and HSPB1 showed no differences among the THI groups (p > 0.05). However, in the severe THI group, the HSP70 gene expression returned to normal range after six days of continuous HS. In conclusion, the HSP70 gene plays a pivotal role in protecting cells from damage and is sensitive to HS in immune cells compared with other HSP genes in in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, the in vivo models suggest that calves exhibit active physiological mechanisms of adaptation to HS after six days of continuous exposure by regulating the HSP70 gene expression.

A bstract We demonstrate a common origin for high-scale leptogenesis and three-loop neutrino mass generation. Specifically we extend the standard model by two real singlet scalars, two singly charged scalars carrying different quantum numbers under certain global symmetry and two or more singlet fermions with Majorana masses. This global symmetry is only allowed to be softly or spontaneously broken. Our model also respects an exactly conserved Z 2 discrete symmetry. Through the real scalar decays and then the charged scalar decays, we can obtain a lepton asymmetry stored in the standard model leptons. This lepton asymmetry can be partially converted to a baryon asymmetry by the sphaleron processes. The interactions for this leptogenesis can also result in a three-loop diagram to generate the neutrino masses. The lightest singlet fermion can keep stable to serve as a dark matter particle.

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the efficacy and safety of colchicine versus placebo on reducing the risk of subsequent stroke after high risk non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack within the first three months of symptom onset (CHANCE-3).DesignMulticentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial.Setting244 hospitals in China between 11 August 2022 and 13 April 2023.Participants8343 patients aged 40 years of age or older with a minor-to-moderate ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack and a high sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥2 mg/L were enrolled.InterventionsPatients were randomly assigned 1:1 within 24 h of symptom onset to receive colchicine (0.5 mg twice daily on days 1-3, followed by 0.5 mg daily thereafter) or placebo for 90 days.Main outcome measuresThe primary efficacy outcome was any new stroke within 90 days after randomisation. The primary safety outcome was any serious adverse event during the treatment period. All efficacy and safety analyses were by intention to treat.Results4176 patients were assigned to the colchicine group and 4167 were assigned to the placebo group. Stroke occurred within 90 days in 264 patients (6.3%) in the colchicine group and 270 patients (6.5%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0.98 (95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.16); P=0.79). Any serious adverse event was observed in 91 (2.2%) patients in the colchicine group and 88 (2.1%) in the placebo group (P=0.83).ConclusionsThe study did not provide evidence that low-dose colchicine could reduce the risk of subsequent stroke within 90 days as compared with placebo among patients with acute non-cardioembolic minor-to-moderate ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack and a high sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥2 mg/L.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05439356.

Deriving biochar from biowaste facilitates its reuse and application for environmental protection. This study addresses the adsorption of phenol onto food waste–based biochar (FWC). Phenol adsorption on FWC was affected by pyrolysis temperature, and the highest adsorption capacity was found at a temperature of 700 °C (FWC700). The characteristics of the biochar including morphology, surface area, functional groups, and elemental composition were analyzed. Additional batch experiments were performed to evaluate the phenol adsorption on FWC700 under various experimental conditions such as contact time, initial concentration, reaction temperature, solution pH, adsorbent dose, and presence of competing ions. The adsorption capacity of phenol decreased gradually from 9.79 ± 0.04 to 8.86 ± 0.06 mg/g between solution pH of 3 and 11. Copper sulfate showed the greatest interference on phenol adsorption to FWC in aqueous solution. Phenol removal at different contact times followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit of the equilibrium data with a maximum adsorption capacity of 14.61 ± 1.38 mg/g. Adsorption of phenol increased with increasing temperature from 15 to 35 °C, and thermodynamic analysis indicated an endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Biochar derived from food waste can be used as bio-adsorbent for the removal of phenol from aqueous solution.