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"Gu, Zhen"
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Review of GaN HEMT Applications in Power Converters over 500 W
Because of the global trends of energy demand increase and decarbonization, developing green energy sources and increasing energy conversion efficiency are recently two of the most urgent topics in energy fields. The requirements for power level and performance of converter systems are continuously growing for the fast development of modern technologies such as the Internet of things (IoT) and Industry 4.0. In this regard, power switching devices based on wide-bandgap (WBG) materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) are fast maturing and expected to greatly benefit power converters with complex switching schemes. In low- and medium-voltage applications, GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are superior to conventional silicon (Si)-based devices in terms of switching frequency, power rating, thermal capability, and efficiency, which are crucial factors to enhance the performance of advanced power converters. Previously published review papers on GaN HEMT technology mainly focused on fabrication, device characteristics, and general applications. To realize the future development trend and potential of applying GaN technology in various converter designs, this paper reviews a total of 162 research papers focusing on GaN HEMT applications in mid- to high-power (over 500 W) converters. Different types of converters including direct current (DC)–DC, alternating current (AC)–DC, and DC–AC conversions with various configurations, switching frequencies, power densities, and system efficiencies are reviewed.
Journal Article
Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future
The accelerating electrification has sparked an explosion in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) consumption. As the lifespan declines, the substantial LIBs will flow into the recycling market and promise to spawn a giant recycling system. Nonetheless, since the lack of unified guiding standard and nontraceability, the recycling of end‐of‐life LIBs has fallen into the dilemma of low recycling rate, poor recycling efficiency, and insignificant benefits. Herein, tapping into summarizing and analyzing the current status and challenges of recycling LIBs, this outlook provides insights for the future course of full lifecycle management of LIBs, proposing gradient utilization and recycling‐target predesign strategy. Further, we acknowledge some recommendations for recycling waste LIBs and anticipate a collaborative effort to advance sustainable and reliable recycling routes. The inferior battery lifecycle management has long plagued the recycling of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In response to this problem, this outlook elaborates on the recycling‐oriented intelligent predesign and the gradient utilization of waste LIBs, and gives suggestions for the current challenges, aiming to provide sights for recycling end‐of‐life LIBs in the future.
Journal Article
Glucose-responsive insulin patch for the regulation of blood glucose in mice and minipigs
Glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems that mimic pancreatic endocrine function could enhance health and improve quality of life for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes with reduced β-cell function. However, insulin delivery systems with rapid in vivo glucose-responsive behaviour typically have limited insulin-loading capacities and cannot be manufactured easily. Here, we show that a single removable transdermal patch, bearing microneedles loaded with insulin and a non-degradable glucose-responsive polymeric matrix, and fabricated via in situ photopolymerization, regulated blood glucose in insulin-deficient diabetic mice and minipigs (for minipigs >25 kg, glucose regulation lasted >20 h with patches of ~5 cm
2
). Under hyperglycaemic conditions, phenylboronic acid units within the polymeric matrix reversibly form glucose–boronate complexes that—owing to their increased negative charge—induce the swelling of the polymeric matrix and weaken the electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged insulin and polymers, promoting the rapid release of insulin. This proof-of-concept demonstration may aid the development of other translational stimuli-responsive microneedle patches for drug delivery.
A single removable transdermal patch bearing microneedles loaded with insulin and a non-degradable glucose-responsive polymeric matrix regulates blood glucose in insulin-deficient diabetic mice and minipigs.
Journal Article
Nanodevices for cancer vaccination
An elaborate DNA origami tubular nanodevice encapsulating antigens and adjuvants protects mice from cancer through tumour-specific immunomodulation.
Journal Article
Disrupting tumour vasculature and recruitment of aPDL1-loaded platelets control tumour metastasis
Although therapies of cancer are advancing, it remains challenging for therapeutics to reach the sites of metastasis, which accounts for majority of cancer associated death. In this study, we have developed a strategy that guides an anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (aPDL1) antibody to accumulate in metastatic lesions to promote anti-tumour immune responses. Briefly, we have developed a combination in which Vadimezan disrupts tumour blood vessels of tumour metastases and facilitates the recruitment and activation of adoptively transferred aPDL1-conjugated platelets. In situ activated platelets generate aPDL1-decorated platelet-derived microparticles (PMP) that diffuse within the tumour and elicit immune responses. The proposed combination increases 10-fold aPDL1 antibody accumulation in lung metastases as compared to the intravenous administration of the antibody and enhances the magnitude of immune responses leading to improved antitumour effects.
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of death in patients, here, the authors show disrupting tumor vasculature could recruit and activate anti-PD-L1 engineered platelet at metastatic tumor sites to block the PD-1/PD-L1 crosstalk and enhance the anticancer immunotherapy.
Journal Article
Scarless wound healing programmed by core-shell microneedles
Effective reprogramming of chronic wound healing remains challenging due to the limited drug delivery efficacy hindered by physiological barriers, as well as the inappropriate dosing timing in distinct healing stages. Herein, a core-shell structured microneedle array patch with programmed functions (PF-MNs) is designed to dynamically modulate the wound immune microenvironment according to the varied healing phases. Specifically, PF-MNs combat multidrug-resistant bacterial biofilm at the early stage via generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) under laser irradiation. Subsequently, the ROS-sensitive MN shell gradually degrades to expose the MN core component, which neutralizes various inflammatory factors and promotes the phase transition from inflammation to proliferation. In addition, the released verteporfin inhibits scar formation by blocking
Engrailed-1
(
En1
) activation in fibroblasts. Our experiments demonstrate that PF-MNs promote scarless wound repair in mouse models of both acute and chronic wounds, and inhibit the formation of hypertrophic scar in rabbit ear models.
Effective reprogramming of chronic wound healing remains challenging due to the limited drug delivery efficacy hindered by physiological barriers, as well as the inappropriate dosing timing in distinct healing stages. Here, the authors report a core-shell structured microneedle array patch with programmed functions which dynamically modulates the wound immune microenvironment according to the varied healing phases
Journal Article
Transdermal cold atmospheric plasma-mediated immune checkpoint blockade therapy
Despite the promise of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy against cancer, challenges associated with low objective response rates and severe systemic side effects still remain and limit its clinical applications. Here, we described a cold atmospheric plasma (CAP)-mediated ICB therapy integrated with microneedles (MN) for the transdermal delivery of ICB. We found that a hollow-structured MN (hMN) patch facilitates the transportation of CAP through the skin, causing tumor cell death. The release of tumor-associated antigens then promotes the maturation of dendritic cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes, subsequently initiating T cell-mediated immune response. Anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody (aPDL1), an immune checkpoint inhibitor, released from the MN patch further augments the antitumor immunity. Our findings indicate that the proposed transdermal combined CAP and ICB therapy can inhibit the tumor growth of both primary tumors and distant tumors, prolonging the survival of tumor-bearing mice.
Journal Article
Local generation of hydrogen for enhanced photothermal therapy
By delivering the concept of clean hydrogen energy and green catalysis to the biomedical field, engineering of hydrogen-generating nanomaterials for treatment of major diseases holds great promise. Leveraging virtue of versatile abilities of Pd hydride nanomaterials in high/stable hydrogen storage, self-catalytic hydrogenation, near-infrared (NIR) light absorption and photothermal conversion, here we utilize the cubic PdH
0.2
nanocrystals for tumour-targeted and photoacoustic imaging (PAI)-guided hydrogenothermal therapy of cancer. The synthesized PdH
0.2
nanocrystals have exhibited high intratumoural accumulation capability, clear NIR-controlled hydrogen release behaviours, NIR-enhanced self-catalysis bio-reductivity, high NIR-photothermal effect and PAI performance. With these unique properties of PdH
0.2
nanocrystals, synergetic hydrogenothermal therapy with limited systematic toxicity has been achieved by tumour-targeted delivery and PAI-guided NIR-controlled release of bio-reductive hydrogen as well as generation of heat. This hydrogenothermal approach has presented a cancer-selective strategy for synergistic cancer treatment.
The tracking and targeted release of multi-agents to cooperatively treat cancer is a developing and evolving field. Here, the authors demonstrate the anticancer effects of cubic Pd hydride nanocrystals with photoacoustic imaging properties that can release hydrogen under an NIR trigger and have photothermal effects.
Journal Article
Reformulating lipid nanoparticles for organ-targeted mRNA accumulation and translation
Fully targeted mRNA therapeutics necessitate simultaneous organ-specific accumulation and effective translation. Despite some progress, delivery systems are still unable to fully achieve this. Here, we reformulate lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) through adjustments in lipid material structures and compositions to systematically achieve the pulmonary and hepatic (respectively) targeted mRNA distribution and expression. A combinatorial library of degradable-core based ionizable cationic lipids is designed, following by optimisation of LNP compositions. Contrary to current LNP paradigms, our findings demonstrate that cholesterol and phospholipid are dispensable for LNP functionality. Specifically, cholesterol-removal addresses the persistent challenge of preventing nanoparticle accumulation in hepatic tissues. By modulating and simplifying intrinsic LNP components, concurrent mRNA accumulation and translation is achieved in the lung and liver, respectively. This targeting strategy is applicable to existing LNP systems with potential to expand the progress of precise mRNA therapy for diverse diseases.
Targeted delivery of mRNA using lipid nanoparticles is currently a challenge. Here, the authors examine the composition of LNPs and report changes to the standard formulation can address issues with liver accumulation and allow for increased tissue specific targeting.
Journal Article