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The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that screening for colorectal cancer with stool-based tests and with lower endoscopy (either colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy) saves lives. Comparative effectiveness data were inconclusive.

The recognition of occupational carcinogens is important for primary prevention, compensation and surveillance of exposed workers, as well as identifying causes of cancer in the general population. This study updates previously published lists of known occupational carcinogens while providing additional information on cancer type, exposure scenarios and routes, and discussing trends in the identification of carcinogens over time. Data were extracted from International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs covering the years 1971–2017, using specific criteria to ensure occupational relevance and provide high confidence in the causality of observed exposure-disease associations. Selected agents were substances, mixtures or types of radiation classified in IARC Group 1 with ‘sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity’ in humans from studies of exposed workers and evidence of occupational exposure documented in the pertinent monograph. The number of known occupational carcinogens has increased over time: 47 agents were identified as known occupational carcinogens in 2017 compared with 28 in 2004. These estimates are conservative and likely underestimate the number of carcinogenic agents present in workplaces. Exposure to these agents causes a wide range of cancers; cancers of the lung and other respiratory sites, followed by skin, account for the largest proportion. The dominant routes of exposure are inhalation and dermal contact. Important progress has been made in identifying occupational carcinogens; nevertheless, there is an ongoing need for research on the causes of work-related cancer. Most workplace exposures have not been evaluated for their carcinogenic potential due to inadequate epidemiologic evidence and a paucity of quantitative exposure data.

In human beings, observational data showed slight but statistically significant associations with APC gene mutation or promoter methylation that were identified in 75 (43%) and 41 (23%) of 185 archival colorectal cancer samples, respectively.17 Consuming well done cooked red meat increases the bacterial mutagenicity of human urine. In three intervention studies in human beings, changes in oxidative stress markers (either in urine, faeces, or blood) were associated with consumption of red meat or processed meat.18 Red and processed meat intake increased lipid oxidation products in rodent faeces.13 Substantial supporting mechanistic evidence was available for multiple meat components (NOC, haem iron, and HAA).

Occupational use was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in a Canadian case-control study8 and in the AHS, which reported a significant trend for aggressive cancers after adjustment for other pesticides.9 In mice, malathion increased hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined).10 In rats, it increased thyroid carcinoma in males, hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in females, and mammary gland adenocarcinoma after subcutaneous injection in females.4 Malathion is rapidly absorbed and distributed. Red meat and processed meat Monograph Working Group Members A Blair (USA)--Meeting Chair; L Fritschi (Australia); J McLaughlin; C M Sergi (Canada); G M Calaf (Chile); F Le Curieux (Finland); I Baldi (France); F Forastiere (Italy); H Kromhout (Netherlands); A 't Mannetje (New Zealand); T Rodriguez [unable to attend] (Nicaragua); P Egeghy [unable to attend], G D Jahnke; C W Jameson; M T Martin; M K Ross; I Rusyn; L Zeise (USA) Invited Specialists C Portier (Switzerland) Representatives M E Gouze, for the French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety (France); J Rowland, for the US Environmental Protection Agency (USA) Observers M K Boye Jensen, for Cheminova (Denmark); B Fervers, for the Léon Bérard Centre (France); E Giroux, for University Jean-Moulin Lyon 3 (France); T Sorahan, for Monsanto Company (USA); C Strupp, for the European Crop Protection Association (Belgium); P Sutton, for the University of California, San Francisco (USA) IARC/WHO Secretariat L Benbrahim-Tallaa; R Carel; F El Ghissassi; Sonia El-Zaemey; Y Grosse; N Guha; K Z Guyton; C Le Cornet; M Leon; D Loomis; H Mattock; C Scoccianti; A Shapiro; K Straif; J Zavadil For the Preamble to the IARC Monographs see http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/index.php For declarations of interests see http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Meetings/vol112-participants.pdf We declare no competing interests.

For bladder cancer, there was no consistent evidence of an association with drinking coffee, or of an exposure-response gradient from ten cohort studies and several population-based case-control studies in Europe, the USA, and Japan.3-5 In several studies, relative risks were increased in men but were null or decreased in women, consistent with residual confounding from smoking or occupational exposures among men. Welding, welding fumes and some related chemicals IARC Monograph Working Group Members L T Stayner (USA)--meeting chair; E Milne (Australia); S Knasmüller (Austria); A Farah, L F Ribeiro Pinto (Brazil); D W Lachenmeier (Germany); C Bamia (Greece); A Tavani (Italy); M Inoue (Japan); N Djordjevic (Serbia); P C H Hollman, P A van den Brandt (Netherlands); J A Baron, E Gonzalez de Mejia, F Islami (unable to attend); C W Jameson, F Kamangar, D L McCormick, I Pogribny, I I Rusyn, R Sinha, M C Stern, K M Wilson (USA) Declaration of interests MI is the beneficiary of a financial contribution from AXA Research fund as chair holder of the AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo from Nov 1, 2012.

Evidence of sex-hormone disruption in exposed men and women was unclear. Since its introduction in 1945, 2,4-D has been widely used to control weeds in agriculture, forestry, and urban and residential settings. Some industrial chemicals Monograph Working Group Members M Kogevinas (Spain)--Meeting Chair; M L Larramendy (Argentina); B W Stewart (Australia); T Sanderson (Canada); P Guénel (France); P Cocco (Italy); S Fukushima (Japan); ME Cebrian Garcia [unable to attend]; L T Lopez Carrillo (Mexico); R Vermeulen (Netherlands); S Naidoo (South Africa); T Prapamontol (Thailand); F L Martin [unable to attend]; L Rushton (UK); M Alavanja; M Bosland; R S Chhabra; W Chiu; A De Roos; R Herbert; M La Merrill; D M Reif; D Roy; M T Smith; K Thomas; M Wolff (USA) Invited Specialists None Representatives S Cazenave and C Queiroz Moreira, for the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), Brazil; M-O Rambourg, for the French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety, France; and D M Winn, for the National Cancer Institute, USA Observers (non-voting) J S Bus, J E Goodman, and S A McMaster, for the Industry Task Force II on 2,4-D Research Data IARC/WHO Secretariat L Benbrahim-Tallaa; V Bouvard; R Brown; F El Ghissassi; Y Grosse; N Guha; K Z Guyton; M Korenjak; M Leon; D Loomis; H Mattock; K Straif; J Zavadil For the Preamble to the IARC Monographs see http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/index.php For declarations of interests see http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Meetings/index.php Of the working group members, LR received an honorarium and travel expenses for providing advice on future epidemiological research to a Scientific Advisory Group on Epidemiology of the European Crop Protection Association and MTS has received payment for consulting and testimony from US law firms and research support from the US Council for Education and Research on Toxics.

Two of three studies that assessed risk by duration of employment as a welder showed positive trends.3,4 These studies also showed increased ocular melanoma risk associated with eye burns-a proxy for UV exposure-and one reported a positive exposure-response association for cumulative occupational exposure to artificial UV radiation, including welding.3,4 Risks persisted after adjustment for sun exposure, sun bed use, or both.4-6 Welding fumes are produced when metals heated above their melting point vaporise and condense to fine particles (mostly <1 μm in size). In one oropharyngeal aspiration study and one inhalation study in male A/J mice, gas metal arc-stainless steel welding fumes promoted 3-methylcholanthrene-induced lung tumours.13,14 Absorption and excretion of metals (chromium, nickel, and manganese) was shown in people exposed to welding fumes, but data for particle deposition and clearance in welders were scarce. 2 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Chromium, nickel and welding, IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, Vol. 49, 1990, 1-648 3 CM Vajdic, A Kricker, M Giblin, Artificial ultraviolet radiation and ocular melanoma in Australia, Int J Cancer, Vol. 112, 2004, 896-900 4 P Guenel, L Laforest, D Cyr, Occupational risk factors, ultraviolet radiation, and ocular melanoma: a case-control study in France, Cancer Causes Control, Vol. 12, 2001, 451-459 5 EA Holly, DA Aston, DK Ahn, AH Smith, Intraocular melanoma linked to occupations and chemical exposures, Epidemiology, Vol. 7, 1996, 55-61 6 JM Seddon, ES Gragoudas, RJ Glynn, KM Egan, DM Albert, PH Blitzer, Host factors, UV radiation, and risk of uveal melanoma. A case-control...