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Citric acid functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (CA-MNP) were synthesized and studied for sorption of two representative trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions (Eu 3+ and Am 3+ ). The material was characterized using various analytical techniques such as FTIR, SEM, TEM and zeta potential measurement etc. which indicated successful synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and citric acid coating on its surface. The uptake study indicated efficient sorption of Eu 3+ (76.7%) and Am 3+ (60.9%) at optimum concentration of CA-MNP) 2.5 mg mL − 1 . Sorption of metal ion onto the substrate was confirmed by EDXRF results. The sorption process indicated better kinetics for Eu 3+ compared to previously reported studies and both the radionuclides were found to be following pseudo-second order rate kinetics. The rate constants were found to be 4.76 × 10 − 9 mg g − 1 min − 1 and 2.45 × 10 − 7 mg g − 1 min − 1 for Am 3+ and Eu 3+ , respectively. Thermodynamic study indicated ΔG values as − 15.8 kJ mol − 1 and − 17.9 kJ mol − 1 for Am 3+ and Eu 3+ , respectively indicating the spontaneity of the sorption processes. Stripping with different reagents viz. 0.1 M EDTA, 0.1 M oxalic acid, 0.1 M Na 2 CO 3 , and 0.1 M HNO 3 indicated best results with 0.1 M EDTA. >99% of loaded Eu 3+ is stripped in two stripping cycles while stripping of Am 3+ requires more number of cycles to quantitatively strip the loaded radionuclide.

Environmentally friendly and biocompatible nanomaterials are essential for biomedical applications demanding long-term safety, stability, and functional performance. In this study, we present a simple hydrothermal synthesis of chitosan-derived fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs), utilizing chitosan as a biodegradable carbon precursor. The synthesized CQDs displayed uniform spherical morphology (~ 3 ± 1 nm), a positive surface charge (+ 12.6 mV), and strong cyan-blue photoluminescence (λem ≈ 473 nm, PLQY ≈ 17.5%) with excitation-dependent emission. Their structure and optical properties were characterized using TEM, XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis, PL, DLS, and cyclic voltammetry. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations supported experimental data, showing stable nanocluster formation through chitosan–acetic acid interactions and predicting a band gap of ≈ 3.41 eV, consistent with the experimental 3.45 eV. Nitrogen atoms were identified as major contributors to optical transitions. Biological studies revealed dose-dependent cytocompatibility in Vero cells, strong antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), and antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus via reactive oxygen species generation and electrostatic interactions. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed efficient cellular uptake and cytoplasmic distribution. Overall, this integrated experimental–theoretical approach highlights the CQDs’ potential for sustainable applications in bioimaging, drug delivery, and theranostics.

Targeting drug delivery in the intestine is still one of the biggest hurdles in pharmaceutical research because of reasons like low bioavailability, enzymatic degradation, rapid transit time, and absorption plight of conventional oral drugs. Intestinal scaffolds are now a new promising platform for localized, controlled, and sustained drug delivery. Scaffolds mimic the physiological environment of the intestine and are made from biodegradable polymers, hydrogel, and any nanomaterial-based composites. They allow very precise spatial and time-controlled drug release while improving mucosal adhesion and interaction with the epithelium. Current advances include bioengineered scaffolds, microfabrication, and smart responsive systems to increase and expand current use in gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and malabsorption disorders. Functional modification has produced scaffolds that are pH-sensitive, enzyme-responsive, and microbiota-targeted scaffolds, which can enable personalized, disease-specific therapeutics. Further enhancement of scaffold stability, drug-loading capacity, and site-specific release mechanisms is achieved by adding nanoparticles, bioadhesive polymers, and bioactive molecules. We have carried out this review from an overview perspective on the latest developments in material design, fabrication techniques, or drug release strategies for the next-generation intestinal scaffolds. The focus now has shifted to comparing the advantages of these innovations over conventional oral drug delivery systems and discussing the accompanying risks of biocompatibility, scalability, regulatory approval, and clinical translation, future research directions to ultimately optimize scaffold-based drug delivery. Thus, from precision medicine and regenerative approaches, intestinal scaffolding may change oral drug administration, improving therapeutic outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal disorders while minimizing systemic side effects.

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is a severe global threat, compromising existing antibiotics’ effectiveness, making infections harder to treat, and increasing illness duration, healthcare costs, and death rates. This highlights the need for novel antimicrobial drugs. Nanomaterials, with their improved stability and bioavailability, offer a promising alternative for treating bacterial infections. This study investigates the synthesis of chitosan-Mg2+ nanocomposites (CS-Mg NC), where Mg2+ is functionalized with chitosan at three different concentrations, and their physicochemical properties are characterized. The nanocomposites’ spherical structure and active binding sites enable Mg2+ ions’ surface functionalization. Density functional theory reveals the interaction between CS and Mg2+, showing changes in binding energy and mechanical strength. Functionalizing Mg2+ with chitosan nanostructures improves the formulation’s cytocompatibility. The synthesized CS-Mg NC efficiently enhances the synergistic effect of nanocomposites and antibiotics against MDR clinical isolates.

Global health and ecosystem concerns over mercury pollution require stringent monitoring. Herein, we showcase a novel approach for detecting trace Hg2+ ions in water using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Our approach involves modifying glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and screen printed electrode (SPE) surfaces with a nanocomposite of ascorbic acid-capped silver nanoparticles (AsAgNPs) embedded in nanocrystalline bacterial cellulose (AsAgNP-NBC). Analytical techniques confirmed the nanocomposite’s stability and morphological characteristics, exhibiting high accuracy within a linear range of 10 nM to 1 µM Hg2+ and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 3.531 nM. Additionally, on irradiation with 455 nm light source, AsAgNP-NBC modified SPE displayed a remarkable 9.6 times enhanced photocurrent, achieving an LOD of 3.95 pM, and enhanced photoresponsivity of 55.2 mA W−1, showcasing its potential for ultra-trace level detection. This cost-effective and biocompatible nanocomposite presents a promising alternative to conventional analytical methods for selective detection of trace Hg2+ ions in environmental samples.

Chitosan, a biopolymer known for its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and chemical adaptability, has attracted significant attention in scientific research. Chitosan-metal nanocomposites represent an emerging area of exploration. Among these, Chitosan-Fe nanocomposite has gained prominence due to its various applications, including photoremediation, bioimaging, and drug delivery systems. In this study, we delved into the synthesis and physicochemical properties of Chitosan-Fe nanocomposites. These nanocomposites exhibited a spherical structure with active binding sites that allowed for the functionalization of Fe3+ ions on their surface. Density functional theory simulations corroborated this alteration, demonstrating changes in surface charge properties resulting in increased mechanical strength. A key finding of this study is the enhanced antibacterial activity exhibited by the Cs-Fe nanocomposites against both Escherichia coli (62.5 µg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (125.25 µg/mL), surpassing that of bare Chitosan nanoparticles. Furthermore, our investigation confirms the therapeutic safety of the Chitosan-Fe nanocomposite. The cell viability calculated by MTT assay and accepted therapeutic dose concentration for CS-Fe NC was 125 ug/mL whereas for CSNP < 15.62 µg/mL. This underscores the nanocomposite’s potential in biomedical applications. In addition to its biomedical promise, the Chitosan-Fe nanocomposite also demonstrates remarkable potential in environmental remediation, particularly in the removal of hexavalent chromium.

We report a facile room temperature telescoping synthesis of a nanocurcumin complex with 17.5‐fold permeation enhancement as determined by comparative in vitro permeation study with raw curcumin. The permeation results were further validated with in silico drug absorption prediction using ADMET predictors. A nanocurcumin complex (CurNP) with 17.5‐fold enhancement in permeation potential compared to native curcurmin as evident from in vitro permeation experiments was prepared from curcumin, xanthan gum, polysorbate‐80 and PEG‐400.

Citric acid functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (CA-MNP) were synthesized and studied for sorption of two representative trivalent lanthanide and actinide ions (Eu and Am ). The material was characterized using various analytical techniques such as FTIR, SEM, TEM and zeta potential measurement etc. which indicated successful synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and citric acid coating on its surface. The uptake study indicated efficient sorption of Eu (76.7%) and Am (60.9%) at optimum concentration of CA-MNP) 2.5 mg mL . Sorption of metal ion onto the substrate was confirmed by EDXRF results. The sorption process indicated better kinetics for Eu compared to previously reported studies and both the radionuclides were found to be following pseudo-second order rate kinetics. The rate constants were found to be 4.76 × 10 mg g min and 2.45 × 10 mg g min for Am and Eu , respectively. Thermodynamic study indicated ΔG values as - 15.8 kJ mol and - 17.9 kJ mol for Am and Eu , respectively indicating the spontaneity of the sorption processes. Stripping with different reagents viz. 0.1 M EDTA, 0.1 M oxalic acid, 0.1 M Na CO , and 0.1 M HNO indicated best results with 0.1 M EDTA. >99% of loaded Eu is stripped in two stripping cycles while stripping of Am requires more number of cycles to quantitatively strip the loaded radionuclide.