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Despite highly promising characteristics of three-dimensionally (3D) nanostructured catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs), universal design rules for maximizing their performance have not been explored. Here we show that woodpile (WP)-structured Ir, consisting of 3D-printed, highly-ordered Ir nanowire building blocks, improve OER mass activity markedly. The WP structure secures the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) through enhanced utilization efficiency of the extended surface area of 3D WP catalysts. Moreover, systematic control of the 3D geometry combined with theoretical calculations and various electrochemical analyses reveals that facile transport of evolved O 2 gas bubbles is an important contributor to the improved ECSA-specific activity. The 3D nanostructuring-based improvement of ECSA and ECSA-specific activity enables our well-controlled geometry to afford a 30-fold higher mass activity of the OER catalyst when used in a single-cell PEMWE than conventional nanoparticle-based catalysts. Improved design of three-dimensionally nanostructured catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can play a key role in maximizing the catalytic performance. Here, the authors show that woodpile-structured iridium consisting of 3D-printed, highly-ordered nanowire building blocks significantly improve OER mass activity.

Nitric oxide (NO) and melatonin (MT) significantly influence photosynthetic processes by modulating redox homeostasis, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and gene expression, particularly under abiotic stress conditions. This review summarizes the intricate crosstalk between NO and melatonin, focusing on their coordinated roles in regulating photosynthetic efficiency. Evidence from various plant species indicates that the application of exogenous NO and melatonin enhances chlorophyll content, photosystem efficiency (particularly PSII), and photosynthetic performance, mitigating stress-induced damage. Molecular analysis demonstrates that both molecules influence key photosynthetic gene modulating photosystems I and II, and Calvin cycle activities. Moreover, NO and melatonin collaboratively regulate stomatal movements through ABA, Ca2⁺, and H2O2 signaling pathways, involving genes such as PMRT1, CIPKs, and OST1. Experimental data from diverse plant species under stress conditions, including drought, salinity, heavy metals, and flooding, highlight their synergistic protective effects. Exploring these mechanisms further may enable practical agricultural strategies involving combined NO and melatonin treatments to improve crop resilience and productivity under increasingly challenging environmental conditions. Future research directions should emphasize unraveling detailed molecular interactions, enabling targeted biotechnological applications in crop improvement programs for enhanced global food security.

The installation of an egg collection net in the upper section of a Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) cage (diameter 25 m × height 15 m) raises concerns regarding the potential compromise of cage stability due to the fine mesh size. This study addresses two primary questions: (1) How can the egg collection net be deployed effectively without undermining cage stability? (2) What are the effects of the egg collection net on the cage volume and shape under varying current conditions? To investigate these questions, a mass–spring interaction model was developed to simulate the contact behavior between net structures, and numerical simulations were performed under various current speeds and sinker weight conditions. The results indicate that optimal deployment is achieved when a sinker weight of 78.5 N per meter is applied along the lower perimeter of the egg collection net. The additional volume reduction induced by the egg collection net was minimal (0.01–0.54%), falling within the natural range of flow-induced fluctuations. These findings lay the groundwork for the development of more robust and efficient bluefin tuna aquaculture systems.

Traditional single-species fisheries management has proven inadequate for capturing ecosystem interactions, leading to a shift toward ecosystem-based approaches. In Korea, diverse small- and medium-scale with varying gear types, production volumes, and practices require management tools that address both ecological and industrial needs. This study developed a Gear-based Fisheries Management Index (GFMI) for 24 coastal and offshore fisheries in Korea. The framework, based on the “ideal gear attributes” defined by ICES, is structured around three objectives: gear controllability, environmental sustainability, and operational functionality. Sub-indicators and weights were derived through expert consultation using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and standardized with Z-scores from national statistics, including production volume, license numbers, and accident rates. Results show that in coastal fisheries, coastal gillnets (61.7) and coastal improved stow nets (60.7) recorded the highest scores, largely due to negative impacts such as bycatch, reproductive capacity, and gear loss. Coastal purse seines (40.9) received the lowest score, reflecting species selectivity advantages. In offshore fisheries, large bottom pair trawls (71.8) and Southwestern medium-size bottom pair trawl (69.3) ranked highest, indicating strong habitat impacts. While coastal improved stow nets, large purse seines, and large trawls performed well in operational functionality, high costs and efficiency constraints remain key vulnerabilities.

We sought to develop and evaluate an escape vent designed for undersized swimming crabs (Portunus trituberculatus) to reduce bycatch, contributing to the preservation of marine resources. To this end, we conducted aquarium experiments and selectivity analysis to determine the appropriate size of the escape vent that would allow only undersized crabs with a carapace length of 64 mm or less to escape. The optimal dimensions for the escape vent were approximately 34.1 mm in height and 69.1 mm in width. During the sea trial, the average bycatch rates for undersized crabs per pot were 57.2%, 15.0%, and 22.3% for the control, basic, and door types, respectively. Regarding legal-sized crab catch per pot, averages of 1.40, 1.72, and 1.62 individuals were obtained for the three pot types. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the optimal size for an escape vent capable of reducing the bycatch of undersized crabs while maintaining legal-sized swimming crabs capture.

This study established the conditions in which mooring load is minimized in a fish cage that includes a damping buoy in specific wave conditions. To derive these conditions, numerical simulations of various mooring contexts were conducted on a fish cage (1/15 scale) using a simplified mass-spring model and fifth-order Stokes wave theory. The simulation conditions were as follows: (1) bridle-line length of 0.8–3.2 m; (2) buoyancy of 2.894–20.513 N for the damping buoy; and (3) mooring-rope thickness of 0.002–0.004 m. The wave conditions were 0.333 m in height and 1.291–2.324 s of arrival period. Consequently, the mooring tensions tended to decrease with decreasing mooring line thickness and increasing bridle-line length and buoyancy of the buoy. Accordingly, it was assumed to be advantageous to minimize the mooring tension by designing a thin mooring line and long bridle line and for the buoyancy of the buoy to be as large as possible. This approach shows a valuable technique because it can contribute to the improvement of the mooring stability of the fish cage by establishing a method that can be used to minimize the load on the mooring line.

Introduction Listing practices for solid organ transplantation are variable across programs in the USA. To better characterize this variability, we performed a survey of psychosocial listing criteria for pediatric and adult heart, lung, liver, and kidney programs in the USA. In this manuscript, we report our results regarding listing practices with respect to obesity, advanced age, and HIV seropositivity. Methods We performed an online, forced-choice survey of adult and pediatric heart, kidney, liver, and lung transplant programs in the USA. Results Of 650 programs contacted, 343 submitted complete responses (response rate = 52.8%). Most programs have absolute contraindications to listing for BMI > 45 (adult: 67.5%; pediatric: 88.0%) and age > 80 (adult: 55.4%; pediatric: not relevant). Only 29.5% of adult programs and 25.7% of pediatric programs consider HIV seropositivity an absolute contraindication to listing. We found that there is variation in absolute contraindications to listing in adult programs among organ types for BMI > 45 (heart 89.8%, lung 92.3%, liver 49.1%, kidney 71.9%), age > 80 (heart 83.7%, lung 76.9%, liver 68.4%, kidney 29.2%), and HIV seropositivity (heart 30.6%, lung 59.0%, kidney 16.9%, liver 28.1%). Conclusions We argue that variability in listing enhances access to transplantation for potential recipients who have the ability to pursue workup at different centers by allowing different programs to have different risk thresholds. Programs should remain independent in listing practices, but because these practices differ, we recommend transparency in listing policies and informing patients of reasons for listing denial and alternative opportunities to seek listing at another program.

This paper reports an improved version of the numerical method used in a previous study on the dynamic simulation of purse seine gear in three dimensions. The improvement is achieved by refining the mass–spring model to take into account both the drag coefficient as a function of the attack angle and Reynolds number as applied to the setting operation of the purse seine gear. The validity of the numerical simulation is assessed by comparing the measured and calculated values for the sinking depth of the net. The numerical simulation is used to examine the sinking performance of the different designs in which large meshed-panels and netting materials are used together in the main body section of the netting. The results indicate that, compared to the prototype net, nets bearing larger mesh panels require more sinking depth with much more pronounced operational depth at corresponding times of the fishing operation when heavier netting material is used. Moreover, in the new net designs, lower tensile forces are exerted on both ends of the pure wire during pursing. The new net constructions with regard to the operational depth represent alternatives that may reduce the potential problem of frequent failed setting of the tuna purse seine gear.

This study evaluated the risk of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) exposure from antibacterial sprays containing AgNPs. Using an exposure simulation chamber as the setting for the experiment, various instruments, including a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), condensation particle counter (CPC), dust monitor, and mixed cellulose esters (MCE) filters, are connected to the chamber to measure the exposure levels of AgNPs when using the sprays. To assess potential risks to consumers, margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used to assess risk in which a calculated MOE was compared with a target MOE. When evaluating the risk of antibacterial sprays to inhalation exposure using the MOE, spraying a whole can and spraying an air conditioner both resulted in a high-risk concern level with a MOE ranging from 59 to 146 that was much lower than the no-risk concern level of 1000, while some spray showed a MOE 2049 with no-risk concern level. The dermal exposure levels with a single layer of clothing were estimated at 2–50 μg/kg/day with a MOE ranging from 20,000 to 500,000. Therefore, the current results showed the possibility of high-risk inhalation exposure to AgNPs released when using antibacterial sprays.

Aggressive Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the SkinAggressive, rapidly progressive cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma emerged in a patient taking ruxolitinib and a patient taking belumosudil for chronic graft-versus-host disease.