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As the foundation of China's real economy, manufacturing industry is an important promoter of China's industrial transformation and upgrading. As market uncertainty increases, how to quickly respond to market changes and maintain a competitive advantage is a concern for manufacturing companies. Entrepreneurship orientation is an important strategy for enterprises to maintain vitality and sustain healthy development, which is of great significance to the development of manufacturing enterprises. This paper sorts out 21 specific factors in 5 categories that affect the entrepreneurial orientation of the manufacturing industry, and constructs an evaluation model of the entrepreneurial orientation of the manufacturing enterprises based on AHP, which provides directions for the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry.

• MicroRNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in plants and animals. However, little information is known about the action mechanism and function of fungal microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs). • In this study, combining deep sequencing, molecular and histological assays, milRNAs and their targets in the phytopathogenic fungus Valsa mali were isolated and identified. A critical milRNA, Vm-milR16, was identified to adaptively regulate the expression of virulence genes. • Fourteen isolated milRNAs showed high expression abundance. Based on the assessment of a pathogenicity function of these milRNAs, Vm-milR16 was found to be a critical milRNA in V. mali by regulating sucrose non-fermenting 1 (VmSNF1), 4,5-DOPA dioxygenase extradiol (VmDODA), and a hypothetical protein (VmHy1). During V. mali infection, Vm-milR16 is downregulated, while its targets are upregulated. Overexpression of Vm-milR16, but not mutated Vm-milR16, significantly reduces the expression of targets and virulence of V. mali. Furthermore, deletion of VmSNF1, VmDODA and VmHy1 significantly reduce virulence of V. mali. All three targets seem to be essential for oxidative stress response and VmSNF1 is required for expression of pectinase genes during V. mali–host interaction. • Our results demonstrate Vm-milRNAs contributing to the infection of V. mali on apple trees by adaptively regulating virulence genes.

As far as the missile family is concerned, the general components are an important part of the missile types in the missile family. At the same time, they are also a major advantage and feature of collaborative design of multiple missile types to form the missile family. In view of the poor universality of modules in traditional missile design, this paper proposes a general components construction method based on self-organizing mapping, which aggregates the components with similar structure and little difference in performance parameters as general components, so as to maximize the proportion of general components in the component library under the condition of meeting the performance index, and then improve the efficiency of missile equipment system while reducing the design cost.

In the early stages of China's economic development, the development mode characterized by \"high pollution, high cost, and low efficiency\" caused serious environmental pollution and resource shortages. The mode gradually restricted the healthy development of the industry. Accelerating economic system reform and promoting an update of green transformation about the industry are imminent. This research is based on text mining and sorting out of existing literature and news comments to construct an evaluation index for the green innovation capability of manufacturing companies. Through empirical research of new energy vehicle companies, this paper further analyzes the green innovation levels of typical domestic new energy vehicle companies. Empirical evidence shows that the level of green innovation of an enterprise is mainly determined by its ability to innovate green technology, and at the same time it is affected by the multiple effects of government policies, market environment, and consumer behavior. Finally, this article puts forward relevant suggestions for the development of the new energy vehicle industry from the government and enterprise levels.

MicroRNAs play important roles in various biological processes by regulating their corresponding target genes. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of fungal microRNA‐like RNAs (milRNAs) are still largely unknown. In this study, a milRNA (Vm‐milR37) was isolated and identified from Valsa mali, which causes the most serious disease on the trunk of apple trees in China. Based on the results of deep sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Vm‐milR37 was found to be expressed in the mycelium, while it was not expressed during the V. mali infection process. Overexpression of Vm‐milR37 did not affect vegetative growth, but significantly decreased pathogenicity. Based on degradome sequencing, the target of Vm‐milR37 was identified as VmGP, a glutathione peroxidase. The expression of Vm‐milR37 and VmGP showed a divergent trend in V. mali–apple interaction samples and Vm‐milR37 overexpression transformants. The expression of VmGP could be suppressed significantly by Vm‐milR37 when coexpressed in tobacco leaves. Deletion of VmGP showed significantly reduced pathogenicity compared with the wild type. VmGP deletion mutants showed more sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Apple leaves inoculated with Vm‐milR37 overexpression transformants and VmGP deletion mutant displayed increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species compared with the wild type. Thus, Vm‐milR37 plays a critical role in pathogenicity by regulating VmGP, which contributes to the oxidative stress response during V. mali infection. These results provide important evidence to define the roles of milRNAs and their corresponding target genes in pathogenicity. This study demonstrates that a fungal milRNA Vm‐milR37 contributes to pathogenicity by adaptively regulating the glutathione peroxidase gene (VmGP), which contributes to the oxidative stress response in Valsa mali.

• Small RNAs (sRNAs) play important roles in various biological processes by silencing their corresponding target genes in most eukaryotes. However, cross-kingdom regulation mediated by fungal microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) in plant–pathogen interactions is still largely unknown. • Using molecular, genetic, histological, and biochemical approaches, we found that the apple tree Valsa canker pathogen Valsa mali milRNA Vm-milR1 could suppress the host immunity by silencing two host receptor-like kinase genes, MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2. • Vm-milR1 was highly induced during V. mali infection. Deletion of Vm-milR1 precursor abolished the generation of Vm-milR1 and reduced the virulence of V. mali. Inoculation of Vm-milR1 deletion mutants induced the host defence responses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, callose deposition, and high expression of defence-related genes. Furthermore, Vm-milR1 was confirmed to be able to suppress the expression of MdRLKT1 and MdRLKT2 in a sequence-specific manner. Moreover, overexpression of either MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 enhanced apple resistance to V. mali by activating the host defence responses. Furthermore, knockdown of MdRLKT1 or MdRLKT2 compromised the host resistance to V. mali. • Our study revealed that V. mali was equipped with Vm-milR1 as an sRNA effector to silence host receptor-like kinase genes, suppress the host defence responses, and facilitate pathogen infection.

Defect engineering is a strategy that is attracting widespread attention for the possibility of modifying battery active materials in order to improve the cycling stability of the electrodes. However, accurate investigation and quantification of the effect of the defects on the electrochemical energy storage performance of the cell are not trivial tasks. Herein, we report the quantification of vanadium-defective clusters (i.e., up to 5.7%) in the V 2 O 3 lattice via neutron and X-ray powder diffraction measurements, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and synchrotron-based X-ray analysis. When the vanadium-defective V 2 O 3 is employed as cathode active material in an aqueous Zn coin cell configuration, capacity retention of about 81% after 30,000 cycles at 5 A g −1 is achieved. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the vanadium-defective clusters can provide favorable sites for reversible Zn-ion storage. Moreover, the vanadium-defective clusters allow the storage of Zn ions in V 2 O 3 , which reduces the electrostatic interaction between the host material and the multivalent ions. Aqueous Zn metal batteries are a promising system for high-power electrochemical energy storage. Here, the authors investigate a defective V 2 O 3 cathode via neutron and X-ray techniques and test the material in Zn metal cell configuration for 30k cycles.

Background N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A) modification is known to impact many aspects of RNA metabolism, including mRNA stability and translation, and is highly prevalent in the brain. Results We show that m 6 A modification displays temporal and spatial dynamics during neurodevelopment and aging. Genes that are temporally differentially methylated are more prone to have mRNA expression changes and affect many pathways associated with nervous system development. Furthermore, m 6 A shows a distinct tissue-specific methylation profile, which is most pronounced in the hypothalamus. Tissue-specific methylation is associated with an increase in mRNA expression and is associated with tissue-specific developmental processes. During the aging process, we observe significantly more m 6 A sites as age increases, in both mouse and human. We show a high level of overlap between mouse and human; however, humans at both young and old ages consistently show more m 6 A sites compared to mice. Differential m 6 A sites are found to be enriched in alternative untranslated regions of genes that affect aging-related pathways. These m 6 A sites are associated with a strong negative effect on mRNA expression. We also show that many Alzheimer-related transcripts exhibit decreased m 6 A methylation in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, which is correlated with reduced protein levels. Conclusions Our results suggest that m 6 A exerts a critical function in both early and late brain development in a spatio-temporal fashion. Furthermore, m 6 A controls protein levels of key genes involved in Alzheimer’s disease-associated pathways, suggesting that m 6 A plays an important role in aging and neurodegenerative disease.

MicroRNAs have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and are involved in diverse diseases and cellular process. Decreased expression of miR-181a has been observed in the patients with coronary artery disease, but its function and mechanism in atherogenesis is not clear. This study was designed to determine the roles of miR-181a-5p, as well as its passenger strand, miR-181a-3p, in vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. We found that the levels of both miR-181a-5p and miR-181a-3p are decreased in the aorta plaque and plasma of apoE −/− mice in response to hyperlipidemia and in the plasma of patients with coronary artery disease. Rescue of miR-181a-5p and miR-181a-3p significantly retards atherosclerotic plaque formation in apoE −/− mice. MiR-181a-5p and miR-181a-3p have no effect on lipid metabolism but decrease proinflammatory gene expression and the infiltration of macrophage, leukocyte and T cell into the lesions. In addition, gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments show that miR-181a-5p and miR-181a-3p inhibit adhesion molecule expression in HUVECs and monocytes-endothelial cell interaction. MiR-181a-5p and miR-181a-3p cooperatively receded endothelium inflammation compared with single miRNA strand. Mechanistically, miR-181a-5p and miR-181a-3p prevent endothelial cell activation through blockade of NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting TAB2 and NEMO, respectively. In conclusion, these findings suggest that miR-181a-5p and miR-181a-3p are both antiatherogenic miRNAs. MiR-181a-5p and miR-181a-3p mimetics retard atherosclerosis progression through blocking NF-κB activation and vascular inflammation by targeting TAB2 and NEMO, respectively. Therefore, restoration of miR-181a-5p and miR-181a-3p may represent a novel therapeutic approach to manage atherosclerosis.

CILP (Cartilage intermediate layer protein), an ECM (extracellular matrix) glycoprotein, is found to be associated with intervertebral disc degeneration, chronic heart failure, obese and cardiac fibrosis. However, there are few reports on the role of CILP in tumors. Thus, in this study, we mainly explored the function of CILP in the occurrence and development of tumors and whether it could be a potential pan-cancer marker. Pan-cancer data in this study were obtained from UCSC Xena. Single-cell data were obtained from GSE152938. ROC (Receiver operating characteristic) curves were used to evaluate the accuracy of CILP in predicting the occurrence of different tumor types. The Kaplan–Meier plots were used to assess the relationship between CILP expression and survival prognosis in different tumor types by COX regression analysis. Pseudotime analysis and cell communication analysis were used to further explore the function of CILP at Single cell level. The human RCC (renal cell carcinoma) cell lines ACHN and 786-O were used for further experimental verification. Bulk RNA-seq showed differences in CILP expression in several tumors. ROC curves showed that 14 tumors have AUC > 0.7. Kaplan–Meier plots indicated that CILP is a risk factor for patients in 3 kinds of tumors. ScRNA-seq (Single cell RNA sequencing) suggested that CILP might influence tumors through fibroblasts and cell–cell communication. Finally, we verified the function of CILP at the cellular level by using RCC cell lines ACHN and 786-O and found that knockdown of CILP could significantly inhibit migration and invasion. This finding supports that CILP could be a risk factor as well as a pan-cancer predictor for patients.