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Subduction zones regulate Earth's carbon distribution, yet the mechanism of carbon transfer from continental crust to mantle remains elusive. We examined an eclogite‐garnet peridotite interface from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Program in the Sulu orogen, representing the slab–mantle wedge boundary formed during continental subduction. Whole‐rock magnesium (Mg) isotopic and major‐trace element data, together with in situ mineral analyses, identify the presence of carbonic fluids characterized by notably light Mg isotopic compositions (−0.54 to −0.36‰) and elevated Ca, Mg, Sr, and rare earth elements contents. These fluids, generated by slab decarbonation during prograde metamorphism, mobilized carbon from the subducted crust and enriched the mantle wedge. Modeling indicates that continental subduction rivals oceanic systems in transporting carbon to mantle. However, the paucity of mantle‐derived magmatism limits carbon return, promoting long‐term retention of continental carbon in mantle and establishing continental subduction as a major sink in the global carbon budget.

The virulence-attenuated Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai strain IPAV was derived by prolonged laboratory passage from a highly virulent ancestral strain isolated in China. We studied the genetic variations of IPAV that render it avirulent via comparative analysis against the pathogenic L. interrogans serovar Lai strain 56601. The complete genome sequence of the IPAV strain was determined and used to compare with, and then rectify and reannotate the genome sequence of strain 56601. Aside from their highly similar genomic structure and gene order, a total of 33 insertions, 53 deletions and 301 single-nucleotide variations （SNVs） were detected throughout the genome of IPAV directly affecting 101 genes, either in their 5＇ upstream region or within their coding region. Among them, the majority of the 44 functional genes are involved in signal transduction, stress response, transmembrane transport and nitrogen metabolism. Comparative proteomic analysis based on quantitative liquid chromatography （LC）-MS/MS data revealed that among 1 627 selected pairs of orthologs, 174 genes in the IPAV strain were upregulated, with enrichment mainly in classes of energy production and lipid metabolism. In contrast, 228 genes in strain 56601 were upregulated, with the majority enriched in the categories of protein translation and DNA replication/repair. The combination of genomic and proteomic approaches illustrated that altered expression or mutations in critical genes, such as those encoding a Ser/Thr kinase, carbon-starvation protein CstA, glutamine synthetase, GTP-binding protein BipA, ribonucleotide- diphosphate reductase and phosphate transporter, and alterations in the translational profile of lipoproteins or outer membrane proteins are likely to account for the virulence attenuation in strain IPAV.

Post-translational modification is central to protein stability and to the modulation of protein activity. Various types of protein modification, such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, myristoylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination, have been reported. Among them, ubiquitination distinguishes itself from others in that most of the ubiquitinated proteins are targeted to the 26S proteasome for degradation. The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system constitutes the major protein degradation pathway in the cell. In recent years, the importance of the ubiquitination machinery in the control of numerous eukaryotic cellular functions has been increasingly appreciated. Increasing number of E3 ubiquitin ligases and their substrates, including a variety of essential cellular regulators have been identified. Studies in the past several years have revealed that the ubiquitination system is important for a broad range of plant developmental processes and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. This review discusses recent advances in the functional analysis of ubiquitination-associated proteins from plants and pathogens that play important roles in plant-microbe interactions.

Isothermal hot compression tests on the as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel with columnar grains were carried out in the temperature range from 1223 to 1523Kand at strain rates from 0.001 to 1s~（-1）.The compression direction was parallel to the longitudinal direction of columnar grains.The constitutive equation based on Arrhenius model was presented,and the processing maps based on the dynamic material model were developed,correlating with microstructure observation.The main softening mechanism was dynamic recovery at 1223 Kunder strain rates from 0.1to 1s~（-1）,whereas it was dynamic recrystallization under other deformation conditions.The constitutive equation modified by strain compensation reasonably predicted the flow stresses.The processing maps and microstructure evolution mechanism schematic indicated that the optimum hot working parameters lay in the zone defined by the temperature range from 1423 to 1473Kand the strain rate range from 0.001 to 1s~（-1）.

Isothermal hot compression tests on the as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical rotor steel with columnar grains were carried out in the temperature range from 1223 to 1523Kand at strain rates from 0.001 to 1s-1.The compression direction was parallel to the longitudinal direction of columnar grains.The constitutive equation based on Arrhenius model was presented,and the processing maps based on the dynamic material model were developed,correlating with microstructure observation.The main softening mechanism was dynamic recovery at 1223 Kunder strain rates from 0.1to 1s-1,whereas it was dynamic recrystallization under other deformation conditions.The constitutive equation modified by strain compensation reasonably predicted the flow stresses.The processing maps and microstructure evolution mechanism schematic indicated that the optimum hot working parameters lay in the zone defined by the temperature range from 1423 to 1473Kand the strain rate range from 0.001 to 1s-1.

Isothermal hot compression tests of as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical（USC） rotor steel with columnar grains perpendicular to the compression direction were carried out in the temperature range from 950 to 1250°C at strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 1 s-1. The softening mechanism was dynamic recovery（DRV） at 950°C and the strain rate of 1 s-1, whereas it was dynamic recrystallization（DRX） under the other conditions. A modified constitutive equation based on the Arrhenius model with strain compensation reasonably predicted the flow stress under various deformation conditions, and the activation energy was calculated to be 643.92 kJ ×mol-1. The critical stresses of dynamic recrystallization under different conditions were determined from the work-hardening rate（θ）–flow stress（σ） and-θ/σ–σ curves. The optimum processing parameters via analysis of the processing map and the softening mechanism were determined to be a deformation temperature range from 1100 to 1200°C and a strain-rate range from 0.001 to 0.08 s-1, with a power dissipation efficiency η greater than 31%.

The pH value plays an important role in the bioleaching of sulphide minerals. The effect of pH values on the extracellular poly-saccharide secreted by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was investigated in different phases of bacterial growth during chalcopyrite bioleach-ing. It is found that extracellular polysaccharide secretion from the cells attached to chalcopyrite is more efficiently than that of the free cells in the bioleaching solution. Three factors, pH values, the concentration of soluble metal ions, and the bacterial growth and metabolism, affect extracellular polysaccharide secretion in the free cells, and are related to the bacterial growth phase. Extracellular polysaccharide secretion from the attached cells is mainly dependent on the pH value of the bacterial culture.

Isothermal hot compression tests of as-cast high-Cr ultra-super-critical（USC） rotor steel with columnar grains perpendicular to the compression direction were carried out in the temperature range from 950 to 1250°C at strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 1 s~（-1）. The softening mechanism was dynamic recovery（DRV） at 950°C and the strain rate of 1 s~（-1）, whereas it was dynamic recrystallization（DRX） under the other conditions. A modified constitutive equation based on the Arrhenius model with strain compensation reasonably predicted the flow stress under various deformation conditions, and the activation energy was calculated to be 643.92 kJ ×mol~（-1）. The critical stresses of dynamic recrystallization under different conditions were determined from the work-hardening rate（θ）–flow stress（σ） and-θ/σ–σ curves. The optimum processing parameters via analysis of the processing map and the softening mechanism were determined to be a deformation temperature range from 1100 to 1200°C and a strain-rate range from 0.001 to 0.08 s~（-1）, with a power dissipation efficiency η greater than 31%.

Asthma is a common allergic disorder involving a complex interplay among multiple genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies identified genetic variants of human GAB1 as a novel asthma susceptibility factor. However, the functions of Gab1 in lung remain largely unexplored. In this study, we first observed an elevation of Gab1 level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from asthmatic patients during acute exacerbation compared with convalescence. Mice with a selectively disrupted Gab1 in myeloid dendritic cells （mDCs） considerably attenuated allergic inflamma- tion in experimental models of asthma. Further investigations revealed a prominent reduction in CCL19-mediated migration of Gabl-deficient mDCs to draining lymph nodes and subsequent impairment of Th2-driven adaptive acti- vation. Mechanistically, Gabl is an essential component of the CCL19/CCR7 chemokine axis that regulates mDC mi- gration during asthmatic responses. Together, these findings provide the first evidence for the roles of Gab1 in lung, giving us deeper understanding of asthmatic pathogenesis.

Background： Over the years, the mechanical ventilation （MV） strategy has changed worldwide. The aim of the present study was to describe the ventilation practices, particularly lung-protective ventilation （LPV）, among brain-injured patients in China. Methods： This study was a multicenter, 1-day, cross-sectional study in 47 Intensive Care Units （ICUs） across China. Mechanically ventilated patients （18 years and older） with brain injury in a participating ICU during the time of the study, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, postoperation with intracranial tumor, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial infection, and idiopathic epilepsy, were enrolled. Demographic data, primary diagnoses, indications for MV, MV modes and settings, and prognoses on the 60th day were collected. Multivariable logistic analysis was used to assess factors that might affect the use of LPV. Results： A total of 104 patients were enrolled in the present study, 87 （83.7%） of whom were identified with severe brain injury based on a Glasgow Coma Scale 〈8 points. Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation （SIMV） was the most frequent ventilator mode, accounting for 46.2% of the entire cohort. The median tidal volume was set to 8.0 ml/kg （interquartile range [IQR], 7.0-8.9 ml/kg） of the predicted body weight; 50 （48.1%） patients received LPV. The median positive end-expiratory pressure （PEEP） was set to 5 cmH20 （IQR, 5-5 cmH20）. No PEEP values were higher than 10 cmH20. Compared with partially mandatory ventilation, supportive and spontaneous ventilation practices were associated with LPV. There were no significant differences in mortality and MV duration between patients subjected to LPV and those were not. Conclusions： Among brain-injured patients in China, SIMV was the most frequent ventilation mode. Nearly one-half of the brain-injured patients received LPV. Patients under supportive and spontaneous ventilation were more likely to receive LPV.