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Myeloid cells are recruited to damaged tissues where they can resolve infections and tumor growth or stimulate wound healing and tumor progression. Recruitment of these cells is regulated by integrins, a family of adhesion receptors that includes integrin CD11b. Here we report that, unexpectedly, integrin CD11b does not regulate myeloid cell recruitment to tumors but instead controls myeloid cell polarization and tumor growth. CD11b activation promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization by stimulating expression of microRNA Let7a . In contrast, inhibition of CD11b prevents Let7a expression and induces cMyc expression, leading to immune suppressive macrophage polarization, vascular maturation, and accelerated tumor growth. Pharmacological activation of CD11b with a small molecule agonist, Leukadherin 1 (LA1), promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and suppresses tumor growth in animal models of murine and human cancer. These studies identify CD11b as negative regulator of immune suppression and a target for cancer immune therapy. Recruitment of myeloid cells can be regulated by integrin CD11b. Here the authors show that in the tumor microenvironment, CD11b is not essential for recruitment of myeloid cells but rather induces macrophage anti-tumorigenic polarization via stimulating let7a and NFκB signaling and that pharmacological activation of CD11b enhances survival in mouse models of cancer.

Marketers have long debated on what governs buying decisions of digital consumers. Are these decisions rational or are they driven by whims and fancies? Human decisions are controlled more by the reptilian brain led by fear and the mammalian brain governed by emotions, rather than the neo cortex that works on rationale. Is it then possible for marketers to decode buying decisions of digital consumers and market their wares strategically in a highly competitive marketplace? How People Buy Online proves it is possible. Not only does it break the myths about online shopping behaviour, but it also reveals some deep marketing insights for consumer engagement by delving into consumer psychology and behavioural economics. This unique intersection of marketing with psychology makes this book an absorbing read, especially for management professionals. Watch the book discussion https://youtu.be/DK20dpk35zU

Recent evidence indicates that ionizing radiation can enhance immune responses to tumors. Advances in radiation delivery techniques allow hypofractionated delivery of conformal radiotherapy. Hypofractionation or other modifications of standard fractionation may improve radiation’s ability to promote immune responses to tumors. Other novel delivery options may also affect immune responses, including T-cell activation and tumor-antigen presentation changes. However, there is limited understanding of the immunological impact of hypofractionated and unique multifractionated radiotherapy regimens, as these observations are relatively recent. Hence, these differences in radiotherapy fractionation result in distinct immune-modulatory effects. Radiation oncologists and immunologists convened a virtual consensus discussion to identify current deficiencies, challenges, pitfalls and critical gaps when combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy and making recommendations to the field and advise National Cancer Institute on new directions and initiatives that will help further development of these two fields.This commentary aims to raise the awareness of this complexity so that the need to study radiation dose, fractionation, type and volume is understood and valued by the immuno-oncology research community. Divergence of approaches and findings between preclinical studies and clinical trials highlights the need for evaluating the design of future clinical studies with particular emphasis on radiation dose and fractionation, immune biomarkers and selecting appropriate end points for combination radiation/immune modulator trials, recognizing that direct effect on the tumor and potential abscopal effect may well be different. Similarly, preclinical studies should be designed as much as possible to model the intended clinical setting. This article describes a conceptual framework for testing different radiation therapy regimens as separate models of how radiation itself functions as an immunomodulatory ‘drug’ to provide alternatives to the widely adopted ‘one-size-fits-all’ strategy of frequently used 8 Gy×3 regimens immunomodulation.

Background and challenges to implementation: Second Hand Smoking, early age of initiation of tobacco use and the lack of awareness regarding the Cigarette & Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003 amongst the community are among the key challenges in tobacco control and health promotion. Intervention or response: In order to educate and empower the community and to initiate a systematic streamline and administrative mechanism & to gauge public opinion regarding awareness of the law and implementation of smoke free rules, a compliance survey on Section 4 & 6 of COTPA was conducted. The interventions included engaging with key stakeholders - District Administration, Community, Media, Village Council Institutions, Education Department, Health Department, Home Department and volunteers; sensitization and capacity building & awareness building campaigns. This was aimed to ensure ownership and sustainability of the cause. Technical support and guidance was extended to the govt. administration to institutionalize the enforcement mechanism. A post-intervention survey was also conducted by an independent agency to evaluate progress and monitor changes, if any. Results and lessons learnt: Post-interventions the compliance in Budgam district (J&K state), went up from 14.8% to 91%, in Srinagar (J&K state), from 43.3% to 80%, in Golaghat (Assam), from 7.6% to 42%, in Jagatsinghpur (Orissa), from 23.3% to 96%, in Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan), from 5.6% to 78% and in Shahjahanpur (Uttar Pradesh), from 1.6% to 88%. Other results were Tobacco Free Educational Institutions' declaration in five districts by the Department of Education and a strong enforcement mechanism set up in 8 districts in 5 settings. The Department of Education in Golaghat Assam & Budgam, J&K declared all education institutions as Tobacco Free Institutions. Multi-sectoral approach, multi-stakeholder engagement and community ownership was key in ensuring sustainability which was important to ensure significant progress in the project. Conclusions and key recommendations: There was a variance in the success and progress across the 10 districts due to different socio-political and administrative factors.

Background and challenges to implementation: Pictorial health warnings (PHWs) effectively communicates health hazards of tobacco use - consumers see warnings thousands of times. As per law (COTPA 2003, Section 7), it is mandatory to implement PHWs across all tobacco products in India. Article 11 of the FCTC mandates that signatories should implement pack warnings within three years of ratifying the treaty. Tobacco industry used different tactics like filing of multiple litigation´s in various courts , using political clout and parliamentary committee , using livelihood card forming front groups and campaigning through paid ads in all national newspapers coercing the Government by announcing a closure of production etc. Intervention or response: Strategies used to counter tobacco industry • Right to Information Act to get info on representations sent to MoHFW by the industry and counter arguments. • Mapping and creating a caucas of senstised MPs raising questions in the Parliament & coming publicly in support • Sensitize all the 15 members of Committee on Subordinate Legislation (COSL) Committee on the need for large health warnings including the Chairman CoSL. • Well coordinated civil society campaign where, letters were sent to HM and PM by 67 Public Health NGOs 500 letters sent to MoHFW , PMO, , Over 650 doctors , Five widows of former tobacco users, 10 MPs and members of Medical Associations wrote to HM and PM. . • Sharing of local , global studies/reports/evidences with the policy makers. Timeline: Year 2014 to 2016 Results and lessons learnt: Despite all industry tactics , after a two-year battle, India implemented 85 % PHWs on tobacco products package from 1st April, 2016 and moved to 3rd position out of 205 countries that have pictorial health warnings. Conclusions and key recommendations: Government must set up a mechanism to closely monitor the compliance of pictorial health warning rules and take appropriate action against the non-compliant companies.

The translational therapies to promote interaction between cell and signal come with stringent eligibility criteria. The chemically defined, hierarchically organized, and simpler yet blessed with robust intermolecular association, the peptides, are privileged to make the cut-off for sensing the cell-signal for biologics delivery and tissue engineering. The signature service and insoluble network formation of the peptide self-assemblies as hydrogels have drawn a spell of research activity among the scientists all around the globe in the past decades. The therapeutic peptide market players are anticipating promising growth opportunities due to the ample technological advancements in this field. The presence of the other organic moieties, enzyme substrates and well-established protecting groups like Fmoc and Boc etc., bring the best of both worlds. Since the large sequences of peptides severely limit the purification and their isolation, this article reviews the account of last 5 years' efforts on novel approaches for formulation and development of single molecule amino acids, ultra-short peptide self-assemblies (di- and tri- peptides only) and their derivatives as drug/gene carriers and tissue-engineering systems.

The main purpose of the study is to examine various ethical decision-making models based on Dual Process Theory (DPT) and to determine the features of their application in business management. Systematization of the literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of managerial decision-making indicates that despite a significant number of data publications, the issue of the implementation and effectiveness of ethical models is poorly researched and requires a more detailed analysis. The object of research is secondary data contained in scientific articles published in journals. The paper examines the social-intuitive-emotional context of the ethical decision-making process, which can help understand the management context of these models. The results of the empirical analysis of the features of the use of the Social-Intuitionist (S-I), Cognitive-Intuitionist (C-I), and Cognitive-Affective models (C-A) models in the decision-making process proved the existence of significant differences between them. The methodological tools of the research were the theories of emotion and intuition, as they directly relate to the “Integrated Ethical Decision Making” (I-EDM) model, which is the most practiced in the actual business setting. The article proposes a conceptual integrated R-S-I-E Ethical Decision-Making model, which can be used in testing theoretical research questions and hypotheses related to business ethics. This model considers individual factors, personal moral philosophy (deontology, teleology), and the moral intensity managers feel during a moral dilemma. Based on the research results, the consequences of overcoming the gap between the existing theoretical developments on these issues and the peculiarities of the decision-making process in practice are summarized. The research results can be used in the empirical evaluation of ethical models in different cultural conditions (including India) and be helpful for the management of companies in making ethical decisions.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess three-dimensional volumetric changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) space after mandibular advancement surgery in skeletal Class II cases with retrognathic mandibles. The null hypothesis for this study posited that there would be no statistical changes after orthognathic surgery. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 30 cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) records of skeletal Class II patients with retrognathic mandibles who were treated with bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) for mandibular advancement of 6-8 mm. Volumetric assessments of joint space were performed pre-operative (T0), one-week post-operative (T1), and 12-month post-operatively (T2). Results: The mean anterior joint space exhibited an increase from 612.37 mm3 at T0 to 876.67 mm3 at T1, followed by a slight reduction to 862.4 mm3 at T2. Conversely, the posterior joint space diminished from 861 mm3 at T0 to 736.27 mm3 at T1 and further to 653.07 mm3 at T2. The medial joint space experienced an increase from 525.83 mm3 at T0 to 850.93 mm3 at T1, before declining to 596.77 mm3 at T2. The lateral joint space showed a decrease from 951 mm3 at T0 to 762 mm3 at T1, subsequently rising to 918.7 mm3 at T2. Strong positive correlation coefficients (approaching 1) were observed in the majority of the T1 and T2 comparisons (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Significant volumetric changes were observed in the TMJ space after mandibular advancement surgery for retrognathism. The changes were maintained even 12 months after surgery, with a slight relapse. RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as alterações volumétricas tridimensionais no espaço da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) após cirurgia de avanço mandibular em casos de Classe II esquelética com mandíbulas retrognáticas. A hipótese nula para este estudo foi a de que não haveria alterações estatísticas após a cirurgia ortognática. Material e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo com 30 documentações contendo tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) de pacientes com Classe II esquelética com mandíbulas retrognáticas, tratados com osteotomia sagital bilateral (BSSO) para avanço mandibular de 6 a 8 mm. Avaliações volumétricas do espaço articular foram realizadas no pré-operatório (T0), uma semana após a cirurgia (T1) e 12 meses após a cirurgia (T2). Resultados: O espaço articular anterior médio apresentou um aumento de 612,37 mm3 em T0 a 876,67 mm3 em T1, seguido de uma ligeira redução para 862,4 mm3 em T2. Por outro lado, o espaço articular posterior diminuiu de 861 mm3 em T0 para 736,27 mm3 em T1 e posteriormente para 653,07 mm3 em T2. O espaço articular medial sofreu um aumento de 525,83 mm3 em T0 para 850,93 mm3 em T1, antes de diminuir para 596,77 mm3 em T2. O espaço articular lateral apresentou diminuição de 951 mm3 em T0 para 762 mm3 em T1, aumentando posteriormente para 918,7 mm3 em T2. Coeficientes de correlação fortemente positivos (aproximando-se de 1) foram observados na maioria das comparações T1 e T2 (p < 0,05). Conclusão: Alterações volumétricas significativas foram observadas no espaço da ATM após cirurgia de avanço mandibular nos casos de retrognatismo. As alterações se mantiveram mesmo 12 meses após a cirurgia, com uma leve recidiva.

Background Ionizing radiation (IR) is a standard modality for the management of solid tumors. Apart from its killing effects, IR can induce pro‐survival factors leading to radioresistance of cancer. Mechanistic understanding of radiation resistance is warranted to overcome the pro‐survival effects of IR. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the role of upstream stimulatory factor‐1 (USF‐1) in the induction of radioresistance in prostate cancer and its targeting by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors to reverse resistance. Methods and results This study reports here that USF‐1 is a marker for radioresistance in PC‐3 cells. Using protein‐DNA array analysis, it was documented that DNA binding activity of USF‐1 was elevated following IR in PC‐3 cells. Novel HDAC inhibitors downregulated USF‐1 binding either alone or in combination with IR. A 5 Gy dose of IR induced the expression of target genes of USF‐1 (human telomerase reverse transcriptase [hTERT], IGF2R, CyclinB1, and Cdk1), however, HDAC inhibitors alone or in combination with IR reduced their expression as measured by real time RT PCR analysis. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that while USF‐1 localized primarily in the nucleus following IR, it localized in the cytoplasm when treated with HDAC inhibitors/combination. Maximum effects of modulation of USF‐1 expression (overexpression or suppression) were observed on hTERT activity as determined by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. To further confirm the role of USF‐1 in radioresistance, cell growth was analyzed using the real‐time cell electronic sensing (RT‐CES) system. This study found that USF‐1‐transfected cells proliferated faster than the vector‐transfected cells with or without treatments with HDAC inhibitors/IR/combination. Colony forming assay also confirmed that USF‐1 overexpression led to increased survival following IR. Importantly, colony‐forming assay demonstrated that HDAC inhibitors reversed the radioresistance in both PC‐3 and DU‐145 cells. Conclusion These studies demonstrate that HDAC inhibitors reverse the radioresistance in prostate cancer through down‐modulation of USF‐1‐mediated transactivation of target genes involved in cell proliferation and cell cycle.