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To date, the burden of cancer among young adults has rarely been studied in depth. Our aim was to describe the scale and profile of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide among 20–39 year-olds, highlighting major patterns by age, sex, development level, and geographical region. We did a population-based study to quantify the burden of young adult cancers worldwide. We defined young adult cancers as those occurring between the ages of 20 and 39 years because these individuals will have passed puberty and adolescence, but not yet experienced the effects of hormonal decline, immune response deterioration, or organ dysfunction associated with chronic health conditions. Global, regional, and country-specific (n=184) data estimates of the number of new cancer cases and cancer-associated deaths that occurred in 2012 among young adults were extracted in four 5-year bands from the International Agency for Research on Cancer's GLOBOCAN 2012 for all cancers combined and for 27 major types as defined by the International Classification of Disease, tenth revision. We report the number of new cancer cases and cancer-associated deaths overall and by sex alongside corresponding age-standardised rates (ASR) per 100 000 people per year. We also present results using four levels of the Human Development Index (HDI; low [least developed], medium, high, and very high [most developed]), which is a composite indicator for socioeconomic development comprising life expectancy, education, and gross national income. 975 396 new cancer cases and 358 392 cancer-associated deaths occurred among young adults worldwide in 2012, which equated to an ASR of 43·3 new cancer cases per 100 000 people per year and 15·9 cancer-associated deaths per 100 000 people per year. The burden was disproportionally greater among women and the most common cancer types overall in terms of new cases were female breast cancer, cervical cancer, thyroid cancer, leukaemia, and colorectal cancer; in terms of deaths, female breast cancer, liver cancer, leukaemia, and cervical cancer were the main contributors. When assessed by development level and geographical region, the cancer profile varied substantially; generally, the burden of infection-associated cancers was greater in regions under transition. Cancer incidence was elevated in very high-HDI regions compared with low-HDI regions (ASR 64·5 vs 46·2 cancer cases per 100 000 people per year); however, the mortality burden was 3 times higher in low-HDI regions (ASR 25·4 vs 9·2 cancer-associated deaths per 100 000 people per year), reflecting differences in cancer profiles and inferior outcomes. The global cancer burden among 20–39 year-olds differs from that seen in younger or older ages and varies substantially by age, sex, development level, and geographical region. Although the cancer burden is lower in this age group than that observed in older ages, the societal and economic effects remain great given the major effects of premature morbidity and mortality. Targeted surveillance, prevention, and treatment are needed to reduce the cancer burden in this underserved age group. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and European Commission's FP-7 Marie Curie Actions–People–COFUND.

Background Subungual exostosis is a relatively common benign bone tumor that occurs in the distal phalanges of the toes and can be a source of pain and nail deformity. There is controversy about the treatment of these lesions and there are few studies that have synthesized what is known and provided meaningful information on treatment. Questions/purposes We performed a systematic review to address the following questions: (1) What is the best surgical approach for excising these lesions? (2) What is the age range, sex distribution, and presenting symptoms of subungual exostoses and which toe is most frequently affected? (3) What complications arise from treatment? Methods Two authors independently searched multiple databases (Medline, 1950–May 2013; Cochrane EBM database, and EMBASE, 1980–May 2013 provided by OVID; ACP Journal Club, 2003–May 2013; CINAHL by EBSCO, 1937–May 2013; and PubMed by NLM, 1940–May 2013), and key words were chosen to achieve a broad search strategy. We included studies on the management of toe exostoses with > 10 cases and we excluded studies that reported on upper extremity exostoses or osteochondromas. Demographic and treatment data were collected from each article by two independent authors and collated. A total of 124 abstracts were screened, and 116 articles were reviewed in full, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. Results Complete marginal excision through a fish mouth incision protecting the nail led to a recurrence rate of 4% and satisfactory clinical results, defined as no requirement for postoperative intervention and a satisfactory clinical appearance in 73%. Most studies provided incomplete descriptions of specific surgical techniques used. Fifty-five percent of the patients were younger than 18 years of age. A history of toe trauma before diagnosis was present in approximately 30% of the cases. Delayed diagnosis occurred in approximately 10% of the cases and onychodystrophy occurred in more than 10%. Conclusions There is weak evidence to guide management of subungual exostosis. Adequate wound management postexcision aiming to minimize disruption to the nail bed and matrix may prevent onychodystrophy, which is a common complication of treatment.

Investments in cancer control—prevention, detection, diagnosis, surgery, other treatment, and palliative care—are increasingly needed in low-income and particularly in middle-income countries, where most of the world's cancer deaths occur without treatment or palliation. To help countries expand locally appropriate services, Cancer (the third volume of nine in Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition) developed an essential package of potentially cost-effective measures for countries to consider and adapt. Interventions included in the package are: prevention of tobacco-related cancer and virus-related liver and cervical cancers; diagnosis and treatment of early breast cancer, cervical cancer, and selected childhood cancers; and widespread availability of palliative care, including opioids. These interventions would cost an additional US$20 billion per year worldwide, constituting 3% of total public spending on health in low-income and middle-income countries. With implementation of an appropriately tailored package, most countries could substantially reduce suffering and premature death from cancer before 2030, with even greater improvements in later decades.

This paper aims to study how firms must be agile to overcome risks and manage cost repercussions. Specifically, it focuses on promoting digitalization in Indian food SMEs for greater competitiveness. The main purpose is to design a model for implementing robust interventions in a rational manner. To achieve this, a mixed approach, including a literature review and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method, was chosen. This approach is recommended for addressing barriers to digital transformation in SMEs. The results suggest that the absence of internet connectivity and problems related to organization impede the efficiency of operations in small and medium-sized Indian food businesses. By overcoming these obstacles and allocating resources to enhance their digital capacities, stakeholders can effectively shape their future business operations. In addition, it is imperative for the stakeholders to actively adopt and utilize a range of digital tools such as blockchain, IoT, Big Data, and cloud computing. To implement and sustain digital transformation effectively, three foundational elements are crucial: internet availability, financial resources, and employee training. This research offers an innovative approach to the practiceners and mangers to adopt digital transformation of Indian food SMEs.

The nature of cancer control is changing, with an increasing emphasis, fuelled by public and political demand, on prevention, early diagnosis, and patient experience during and after treatment. At the same time, primary care is increasingly promoted, by governments and health funders worldwide, as the preferred setting for most health care for reasons of increasing need, to stabilise health-care costs, and to accommodate patient preference for care close to home. It is timely, then, to consider how this expanding role for primary care can work for cancer control, which has long been dominated by highly technical interventions centred on treatment, and in which the contribution of primary care has been largely perceived as marginal. In this Commission, expert opinion from primary care and public health professionals with academic and clinical cancer expertise—from epidemiologists, psychologists, policy makers, and cancer specialists—has contributed to a detailed consideration of the evidence for cancer control provided in primary care and community care settings. Ranging from primary prevention to end-of-life care, the scope for new models of care is explored, and the actions needed to effect change are outlined. The strengths of primary care—its continuous, coordinated, and comprehensive care for individuals and families—are particularly evident in prevention and diagnosis, in shared follow-up and survivorship care, and in end-of-life care. A strong theme of integration of care runs throughout, and its elements (clinical, vertical, and functional) and the tools needed for integrated working are described in detail. All of this change, as it evolves, will need to be underpinned by new research and by continuing and shared multiprofessional development.

While low socioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with inferior cancer outcome among adults, its impact in pediatric oncology is unclear. Our objective was therefore to conduct a systematic review to determine the impact of SES upon outcome in children with cancer. We searched Ovid Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL from inception to December 2012. Studies for which survival-related outcomes were reported by socioeconomic subgroups were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently assessed articles and extracted data. Given anticipated heterogeneity, no quantitative meta-analyses were planned a priori. Of 7,737 publications, 527 in ten languages met criteria for full review; 36 studies met final inclusion criteria. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), lower SES was uniformly associated with inferior survival, regardless of the measure chosen. The majority of associations were statistically significant. Of 52 associations between socioeconomic variables and outcome among high-income country (HIC) children, 38 (73.1%) found low SES to be associated with worse survival, 15 of which were statistically significant. Of the remaining 14 (no association or high SES associated with worse survival), only one was statistically significant. Both HIC studies examining the effect of insurance found uninsured status to be statistically associated with inferior survival. Socioeconomic gradients in which low SES is associated with inferior childhood cancer survival are ubiquitous in LMIC and common in HIC. Future studies should elucidate mechanisms underlying these gradients, allowing the design of interventions mediating socioeconomic effects. Targeting the effect of low SES will allow for further improvements in childhood cancer survival.

Compared with children and older adults, the burden of cancer in adolescents and young adults (ages 15–39) is understudied. We aimed to quantify the global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2022 and 2050, and explore patterns in incidence, mortality, and case fatality. In this population-based study, we used the GLOBOCAN database to quantify the number of new cases and cancer-related deaths, and corresponding age-standardised incidence and mortality rates (ASRs; per 100 000 people aged 15–39 years), in adolescents and young adults. Estimates were quantified for all cancers combined, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, and 33 specific cancer types. Case fatality was estimated using mortality-to-incidence ratios. Overall and sex-specific estimates were calculated at the world, regional, human development index (HDI), and income level. We estimated the future cancer burden by applying the GLOBOCAN 2022 rates to sex-specific demographic projections for the year 2050 using the UN World Population Prospects 2019 revision. An estimated 1 300 196 cases and 377 621 cancer-related deaths occurred in adolescents and young adults in 2022. Incidence ASRs were 1·9-times higher and mortality ASRs were 1·2-times higher in females than in males (incidence ASR 52·9 vs 28·3; mortality ASR 13·1 vs 10·6). Although the incidence ASR was highest in the high-income countries, the mortality ASR was highest in the low-income countries; as a result, case fatality ranged from 12% in high-income settings to 57% in low-income settings. Of the 33 cancer types included in our analyses, breast or cervical cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancer and cause of cancer-related death in 163 and 93 countries, respectively; incidence and mortality also varied the most by region for these cancers. Finally, the adolescent and young adult cancer burden globally is projected to increase by about 12% from 2022 to 2050, albeit with declines of 10·7% projected in very high HDI countries. The increase is expected to overwhelmingly impact low HDI settings, where the burden of both cancer cases and deaths is projected to double (a 102·3% increase). Although the adolescent and young adult cancer burden incidence is highest in the most developed settings, transitioning countries have the poorest outcomes and will face the greatest increases in burden by 2050. These findings act as a reference to the global adolescent and young adult cancer community to inform cancer control priorities and decrease global inequities. None.

This paper investigates steady two dimensional flow of an incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow and heat transfer of nanofluid over an impermeable surface in presence of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation. By using similarity transformation, the arising governing equations of momentum, energy and nanoparticle concentration are transformed into coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are than solved by homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effect of different physical parameters, namely, Prandtl number Pr, Eckert number , Magnetic parameter , Brownian motion parameter , Thermophoresis parameter , Lewis parameter and Radiation parameter on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles along with the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient are discussed graphically and in tabular form in details. The present results are also compared with existing limiting solutions.

Asthma exacerbations are characterized by increased symptoms of cough and chest tightness, diminished expiratory airflow, and increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the sputum. In these two small “proof of concept” trials involving patients with eosinophilic asthma and a history of exacerbations, patients treated with an antibody directed against interleukin-5 had fewer exacerbations than did those given placebo. Asthma exacerbations are characterized by increased symptoms of cough and chest tightness, diminished expiratory airflow, and increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the sputum. In these two small “proof of concept” trials involving patients with eosinophilic asthma and a history of exacerbations, patients treated with an antibody directed against interleukin-5 had fewer exacerbations than did those given placebo. Asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial tree. Persons with asthma present with variable symptoms of cough, breathlessness, and wheezing; these episodes may be punctuated by periods of more severe and sustained deterioration in control of symptoms — termed exacerbations — that necessitate emergency treatment. Exacerbations are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality and with considerable health care costs. 1 Exacerbations differ from day-to-day symptoms in that they respond poorly to usual inhaled therapy and are more closely linked to increased airway inflammation. 2 The link to eosinophilic airway inflammation may be particularly important, since infiltration of the airway . . .

Current article is devoted with the study of MHD 3D flow of Oldroyd B type nanofluid induced by bi-directional stretching sheet. Expertise similarity transformation is confined to reduce the governing partial differential equations into ordinary nonlinear differential equations. These dimensionless equations are then solved by the Differential Transform Method combined with the Padé approximation (DTM-Padé). Dealings of the arising physical parameters namely the Deborah numbers and , Prandtl number Pr, Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter on the fluid velocity, temperature and concentration profile are depicted through graphs. Also a comparative study between DTM and numerical method are presented by graph and other semi-analytical techniques through tables. It is envisage that the velocity profile declines with rising magnetic factor, temperature profile increases with magnetic parameter, Deborah number of first kind and Brownian motion parameter while decreases with Deborah number of second kind and Prandtl number. A comparative study also visualizes comparative study in details.