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When the solar wind speed falls below the local Alfvén speed, the magnetotail transforms into an Alfvén wing configuration. A Grid Agnostic Magnetohydrodynamics for Extended Research Applications (GAMERA) simulation of Earth's magnetosphere using solar wind parameters from the 24 April 2023 sub‐Alfvénic interval is examined to reveal modifications of Dungey‐type magnetotail reconnection during sustained sub‐Alfvénic solar wind. The simulation shows new magnetospheric flux is generated via reconnection between polar cap field lines from the northern and southern hemisphere, similar to Dungey‐type magnetotail reconnection between lobe field lines mapping to opposite hemispheres. The key feature setting the Alfvén wing reconnection apart from the typical Dungey‐type is that the majority of new magnetospheric flux is added to the polar cap at local times 1–3 (21‐23) in the northern (southern) hemisphere. During most of the sub‐Alfvénic interval, reconnection mapping to midnight in the polar cap generates relatively little new magnetospheric flux. Plain Language Summary Similar to how a shock wave forms around a supersonic plane, the supersonic plasma emanating from the sun forms a shock wave around Earth. However, the speed of sound through the plasma depends on different parameters that vary substantially based on the origin and evolution of solar material flowing into interplanetary space. In some coronal mass ejections, the characteristics of the plasma are such that the flow is sub‐sonic, leaving the magnetosphere in a unique state. Determining whether there are any space weather impacts associated with the sub‐sonic flow has been difficult due to lack of observations, but a recent event has ignited interest. This study examines the global structure and dynamics of the magnetosphere in a simulation representative of the sub‐sonic flow interval of the April 2023 geomagnetic storm. Key Points On 24 April 2023, Earth's magnetosphere experienced an interval of sustained sub‐Alfvénic solar wind driving Sub‐Alfvénic driving suppresses typical Dungey‐type magnetotail reconnection but polar cap expansion is still limited Global simulations have strong Earthward flows localized ∼10 RE tailward of theterminator, where most new magnetospheric flux is generated

On 24 April 2023, a Coronal Mass Ejection event caused the solar wind to become sub‐Alfvénic, leading to the development of an Alfvén Wing configuration in the Earth's magnetosphere. Alfvén Wings have previously been observed as cavities of low flow around moons in Jupiter's and Saturn's magnetospheres, but the observing spacecraft did not have the ability to directly measure the Alfvén Wings' current structures. Through in situ measurements made by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, the 24 April event provides us with the first direct measurements of current structures during an Alfvén Wing configuration. These structures are observed to be significantly more anti‐field‐aligned and electron‐driven than the typical diamagnetic magnetopause current, indicating the disruption caused to the magnetosphere current system by the Alfvén Wing formation. The magnetopause current is then observed to recover more of its typical, perpendicular structure during the magnetosphere's recovery from the Alfvén Wing formation. Plain Language Summary The solar wind applies pressure on the Earth's magnetic field, distorting it from a dipole into its compressed dayside and stretched tail configuration. However, this typical structure can be disrupted by eruptive solar events such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), which may cause the solar wind's pressure to drop low enough that it is no longer able to push the magnetosphere back to form a single unified tail. When this occurs, the tail splits into two separate structures, called Alfvén Wings. While this configuration is rare at Earth, it is common from interactions of the outer planets' magnetosphere's with their moons, where Alfvén Wing configurations have been studied and modeled. However, because the observing spacecraft lacked the necessary instrumentation, we have not yet directly observed the Alfvén Wing current structures. On 24 April 2023, a CME event led to the creation of an Alfvén Wing formation in the Earth's magnetosphere. We observed this event using the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, which enabled us to make the first direct observations of Alfvén Wing current structures. These currents were found to be mainly parallel to the local magnetic field, in contrast to typical magnetopause currents. Key Points On 24 April 2023, the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observed an Alfvén Wing formation along the dawn‐flank of Earth's magnetosphere MMS's observations represent the first in situ measurements of Alfvén Wing current structures The current structures are found to be primarily anti‐field‐aligned, electron‐driven, and filamentary

Fully kinetic simulations are applied to the study of 2D anti-parallel reconnection, elucidating the dynamics by which the electron fluid maintains force balance within both the electron diffusion region (EDR) and the ion diffusion region (IDR). Inside the IDR, magnetic field-aligned electron pressure anisotropy (\\(p_{e\\parallel}\\gg p_{e\\perp})\\) develops upstream of the EDR. Compared to previous investigations, the use of modern computer facilities allows for simulations at the natural proton to electron mass ratio \\(m_i/m_e=1836\\). In this high-\\(m_i/m_e\\)-limit the electron dynamics changes qualitatively, as the electron inflow to the EDR is enhanced and mainly driven by the anisotropic pressure. Using a coordinate system with the \\(x\\)-direction aligned with the reconnecting magnetic field and the \\(y\\)-direction aligned with the central current layer, it is well-known that for the much studied 2D laminar anti-parallel and symmetric scenario the reconnection electric field at the \\(X\\)-line must be balanced by the \\(\\partial p_{exy}/ \\partial x\\) and \\(\\partial p_{eyz}/ \\partial z\\) off-diagonal electron pressure stress components. We find that the electron anisotropy upstream of the EDR imposes large values of \\(\\partial p_{exy}/ \\partial x\\) within the EDR, and along the direction of the reconnection \\(X\\)-line this stress cancels with the stress of a previously determined theoretical form for \\(\\partial p_{eyz}/ \\partial z\\). The electron frozen-in law is instead broken by pressure tensor gradients related to the direct heating of the electrons by the reconnection electric field. The reconnection rate is free to adjust to the value imposed externally by the plasma dynamics at larger scales.

In this study involving 2103 men with elevated PSA levels, the use of both MRI-targeted and 12-core systematic biopsies was more effective at detecting clinically significant prostate cancers than either biopsy method alone.

Allergic diseases are a major global health issue. Interleukin (IL)-9-producing helper T (T H 9) cells promote allergic inflammation, yet T H 9 cell effector functions are incompletely understood because their lineage instability makes them challenging to study. Here we found that resting T H 9 cells produced IL-9 independently of T cell receptor (TCR) restimulation, due to STAT5- and STAT6-dependent bystander activation. This mechanism was seen in circulating cells from allergic patients and was restricted to recently activated cells. STAT5-dependent Il9 / IL9 regulatory elements underwent remodeling over time, inactivating the locus. A broader ‘allergic T H 9’ transcriptomic and epigenomic program was also unstable. In vivo, T H 9 cells induced airway inflammation via TCR-independent, STAT-dependent mechanisms. In allergic patients, T H 9 cell expansion was associated with responsiveness to JAK inhibitors. These findings suggest that T H 9 cell instability is a negative checkpoint on bystander activation that breaks down in allergy and that JAK inhibitors should be considered for allergic patients with T H 9 cell expansion. Schwartz and colleagues show that T H 9 cells can respond to bystander cytokines IL-2 and IL-4 to induce antigen-independent expression of IL-9, promoting allergic inflammation. Il9 locus remodeling causes T H 9 cell instability, preventing antigen-independent activation in individuals who are nonallergic. Therapeutic targeting of the STAT5/STAT6 activation cascade may provide relief for patients with chronic allergy.

In papillary kidney cancer, particularly hereditary leiomyomatosis–associated cases, bevacizumab plus erlotinib showed strong antitumor activity. The likelihood of a response was higher in hereditary cases than in sporadic ones.

From 10 to 12 May 2024, a series of coronal mass ejections led to one of the strongest geomagnetic storms of the century, referred to as the Mother's Day or Gannon Storm. MMS's position on the dayside magnetosphere on 11 May provided observations of a strongly driven and compressed ∼7RE $\\left(\\sim 7\\ {R}_{E}\\right)$ reconnecting magnetopause. Because of the driving conditions, the magnetopause became saturated with O+ ${O}^{+}$ outflows that dominated the mass density of the plasma environment. In the reconnecting magnetopause, MMS observes signatures of parallel electron heating on the magnetopause's magnetosheath side, but anomalous and significant electron cooling, especially from the perpendicular electron temperature on the magnetosphere side, possibly driven by additional mechanisms besides reconnection. Even with the strong driving and O+ ${O}^{+}$ outflows, we find an expected (0.19±0.04) $(0.19\\pm 0.04)$ normalized reconnection rate for the primary exhaust, indicating insensitivity to these conditions. The unnormalized rate, however, is atypically large and scales with the driving conditions.

ObjectivesTo analyse the longitudinal changes in visual acuity and risk factors for recurrence or development of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) in eyes with acute or chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).MethodsThis was a retrospective, multicentric, longitudinal, observational study done in patients with a diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral CSCR and having at least 4 years of follow-up between the years 1999 and 2020. Kaplan–Meier curves were used for assessing cumulative risks. Multivariate logistic, linear and cox regression models were used for risk factor analyses. The trend in visual acuity, cumulative risks of recurrence and CNV formation was analysed.ResultsA total of 117 out of 175 eyes (66.8%) had stable or improvement in vision at last follow-up, while 24 eyes had more than/equal to 3 line loss of vision. Four eyes (7.7%) with acute CSCR at initial presentation developed features of chronic CSCR at the final presentation. Thirty-seven eyes had recurrence during the follow-up with a 10-year cumulative recurrence rate of around 30%. On Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, history of previous treatment and male gender (p = 0.03) were associated with a lower risk of recurrence. Twenty-four developed de novo CNV by the end of follow-up and higher age (p = 0.001) and a higher number of recurrences (p = 0.05) were associated with a higher risk of early de novo CNV formation. The cumulative 10-year CNV development rate was 17.4%.ConclusionA non-temporal relationship between acute and chronic CSCR was seen. Previous treatment, smoking and baseline RPE abnormality affected recurrence of SRF or CNV formation.

This study is first to demonstrate a new strategy to synthesize Cu nanoparticles (NPs) supported on TiO 2 (Cu@TiO 2 ) catalyst towards the vapor phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. The experimental design involved the four different loadings (10, 15, 20 and 30 wt%) of Cu NPs onto the TiO 2 aerogel to produce a complex with high surface area and increased pore volume. The developed catalysts were characterized using N 2 physisorption analysis, powder-XRD studies, H 2 -temperature programmed reduction, field emission scanning electron microscopy–EDAX, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The characterisation results specified that the surface area, mesoporosity, the effective dispersion of Cu nanoparticles onto the TiO 2 support exerted a significant influence on their catalytic activities. Further, it was found that the resulted process led to the complete in situ reduction of Cu 2+ to Cu 0 , and fine dispersion of Cu 0 NPs on the surface of TiO 2 . Thus, no further pre-reduction of the catalyst was required. The optimized 20 wt% Cu@TiO 2 catalyst achieved about 94% nitrobenzene conversion with maximum aniline selectivity (> 98%), with enhanced stability where the catalyst was found to be active up to 15 h of continuous catalytic reactions. From the study, it is found that this approach is promising and provides insights into the fundamental understanding on the importance of aerogel materials as versatile catalysts. Graphical Abstract