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Data on sleep apnea is scarce in the elderly. We aimed to provide insight into the presentation of sleep apnea in people over 70 years of age including gender differences. We conducted a registry study in sleep apnea patients >18 years of age diagnosed at Turku University Hospital in 2012-2019. Patients whose sleep apnea was classified at least moderate according to apnea-hypopnea index were included (N = 5870; Men = 65.7%; Mean age 57.5 ± 13.5 years). Data on cardiorespiratory polygraphy (PG) variables, Body Mass Index (BMI), pre-existing depression diagnoses, number of comorbidities, the scores of Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), depression scale (DEPS) and psychological distress (12-item General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12), and capillary blood gas results were derived from electronic medical records. Patients were stratified into three groups according to age: <70 (young-middle aged), 70-80 (elderly) and >80 years of age (very elderly). The severity of sleep apnea did not differ between the age groups based on any of the PG variables studied. No significant differences were found in the level of subjective daytime sleepiness between age groups. Women had higher DEPS scores than men in all age groups. Very elderly men had higher DEPS scores compared to men in other age groups (6.3 ± 4.6 vs. 5.6 ± 5.9 vs. 5.1 ± 4.8, p < 0.05) while the differences in DEPS scores did not reach significance among women. Each unit increase in SpO2 was associated with a 22% decrease in the odds of having a DEPS score of ≥9. The severity of sleep apnea or subjective daytime sleepiness did not differ among age groups in moderate-severe sleep apnea patients. Occurrence of depressive symptoms was consistently more common in women than in men of comparable age. Mental wellbeing was the worst in the very elderly. Higher SpO2 was associated with less depressive symptoms.

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are gaining traction as surrogate models for fluid dynamics problems, combining machine learning with physics-based constraints. This study investigates the impact of labeled data on the performance of parameterized physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for surrogate modeling and design optimization. Different training approaches, including physics-only, data-only, and several combinations of both, are evaluated using fully connected (FCNN) and Fourier neural network (FNN) architectures. The test case focuses on reducing drag over a forward-facing step through optimal placement and sizing of an upstream obstacle. Results demonstrate that the inclusion of labeled data significantly enhances the accuracy and convergence rates of FCNNs, particularly in predicting flow separation and recirculation regions, and improves the stability of design optimization outcomes. Conversely, FNNs exhibit inconsistent responses to parameter changes when trained with labeled data, suggesting limitations in their applicability for certain design optimization tasks. The findings reveal that FCNNs trained with a balanced integration of data and physics constraints outperform both data-only and physics-only models, highlighting the importance of optimizing the training approach based on the specific requirements of fluid mechanics applications.

Increasing atmospheric CO 2 drives ocean acidification globally. In coastal seas, acidification trends can however be either counteracted or enhanced by other processes. Ecosystem effects of acidification are so far small in the Baltic Sea, but changes should be anticipated unless CO 2 emissions are curbed. Possible future acidification trends in the Baltic Sea, conditional on CO 2 emissions, climate change, and changes in productivity, can be assessed by means of model simulations. There are uncertainties regarding potential consequences for marine organisms, partly because of difficulties to assign critical thresholds, but also because of knowledge gaps regarding species’ capacity to adapt. Increased temporal and spatial monitoring of inorganic carbon system parameters would allow a better understanding of current acidification trends and also improve the capacity to predict possible future changes. An additional benefit is that such measurements also provide quantitative estimates of productivity. The technology required for precise measurements of the inorganic carbon system is readily available today. Regularly updated status evaluations of acidification, and the inorganic carbon system in general, would support management when assessing climate change effects, eutrophication or characteristics of the pelagic habitats. This would, however, have to be based on a spatially and temporally sufficient monitoring program.

Excessive nutrient inputs have caused eutrophication of coastal ecosystems worldwide, triggering extensive algal blooms, oxygen‐depletion, and collapse of local fisheries. In the Baltic Sea, inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have been significantly reduced since the 1980s, but the environmental state shows little to no signs of recovery. However, a simulation with continued high loads from the mid‐1980s demonstrates that while the state has not improved yet, it would be considerably worse today without the load reductions (e.g., 82% larger oxygen‐free bottom areas and 104% and 58% higher wintertime concentrations of inorganic N and P, respectively, in the Baltic Proper). Additional simulations with current nutrient loads continuing into the future indicate that conditions will likely improve in the coming decades. This study underscores the significance of acting on early warning signs of eutrophication, and furthermore how sustained efforts to decrease nutrient loads can mitigate the severity of eutrophication.

Guilt is a complex emotion with a potentially important social function of stimulating cooperative behaviours towards and from others, but whether the feeling of guilt is associated with a recognisable pattern of nonverbal behaviour is unknown. We examined the production and perception of guilt in two different studies, with a total of 238 participants with various places of origin. Guilt was induced experimentally, eliciting patterns of movement that were associated with both the participants' self-reported feelings of guilt and judges' impressions of their guilt. Guilt was most closely associated with frowning and neck touching. While there were differences between self-reported guilt and perception of guilt the findings suggest that there are consistent patterns that could be considered a non-verbal signal of guilt in humans.

To assess the impact of the implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) on the future environmental status of the Baltic Sea, already available uncoordinated multi-model ensemble simulations for the Baltic Sea region for the 21st century were analyzed. The scenario simulations were driven by regionalized global general circulation model (GCM) data using several regional climate system models and forced by various future greenhouse gas emission and air- and river-borne nutrient load scenarios following either reference conditions or the BSAP. To estimate uncertainties in projections, the largest ever multi-model ensemble for the Baltic Sea comprising 58 transient simulations for the 21st century was assessed. Data from already existing simulations from different projects including regionalized GCM simulations of the third and fourth assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on the corresponding Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects, CMIP3 and CMIP5, were collected. Various strategies to weigh the ensemble members were tested and the results for ensemble mean changes between future and present climates are shown to be robust with respect to the chosen metric. Although (1) the model simulations during the historical period are of different quality and (2) the assumptions on nutrient load levels during present and future periods differ between models considerably, the ensemble mean changes in biogeochemical variables in the Baltic proper with respect to nutrient load reductions are similar between the entire ensemble and a subset consisting only of the most reliable simulations. Despite the large spread in projections, the implementation of the BSAP will lead to a significant improvement of the environmental status of the Baltic Sea according to both weighted and unweighted ensembles. The results emphasize the need for investigating ensembles with many members and rigorous assessments of models’ performance.

Following earlier regional assessment studies, such as the Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin and the North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment, knowledge from available literature about future scenario simulations of biogeochemical cycles in the Baltic Sea and their uncertainties is assessed. Uncertainties in these projections are caused by climate model uncertainties (including global and regional models and the experimental setup), by unknown future nutrient load and greenhouse gas emissions (or concentrations) and by natural variability. The determination and reduction of uncertainties of scenario simulations are important issues for marine management. For instance, management would like to know from these coupled climate-environmental projections whether nutrient load abatement strategies such as the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) will meet its objectives of restored water quality status in future climate or whether additional measures are required. The results of an accompanied multi-model study indicate that the implementation of the BSAP will lead to a significant improvement of the environmental status of the Baltic Sea. However, uncertainties are large and their sources need to be understood to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of measures. Our assessment of sources of uncertainties in projections of biogeochemical cycles suggests that the biggest uncertainties (listed in descending order of importance) are caused by (1) unknown current and future bioavailable nutrient loads from land and atmosphere and the experimental setup (including the spin up strategy), (2) differences between the projections of global and regional climate models, in particular, with respect to the global mean sea level rise and regional water cycle, (3) differing model-specific responses of the simulated biogeochemical cycles to long-term changes in external nutrient loads and climate of the Baltic Sea region, and (4) unknown future greenhouse gas emissions. Regular assessments of the models’ skill (or quality compared to observations) for the Baltic Sea region and the spread in scenario simulations (differences among projected changes) and the improvement of dynamical downscaling methods are recommended.

Key Clinical Message Beta‐agonist treatment during pregnancy may unmask the diagnosis of long QT syndrome. The QT prolongation can result in functional AV block. A history of seizure and/or sudden death in a family member should raise suspicion of ventricular tachycardia. More than one mutation may coexist. Refusal of beta‐blocker therapy complicates risk stratification. Beta‐agonist treatment during pregnancy may unmask the diagnosis of Long QT syndrome. The QT prolongation can result in functional AV block. A history of seizure and/or sudden death in a family member should raise suspicion of ventricular tachycardia. More than one mutation may coexist. Refusal of beta‐blocker therapy complicates risk stratification.

Finding food resources and maintaining a balanced diet are major concerns for all animals. A compromise between neophobia and neophilia is hypothesised to enable animals to enlarge their diet while limiting the risk of poisoning. However, little is known about how primates respond to novel food items and whether their use is socially transmitted. By comparing how four different species of great apes respond to novel food items, we investigated how differences in physiology (digestive tract size and microbial content), habitats (predictability of food availability), and social systems (group size and composition) affect their response toward novelty. We presented two familiar foods, one novel fruit, four novel aromatic plants from herbal medicine, and kaolin to captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), western gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla ), Bornean orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus ) and Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo abelii ). We recorded smelling, approach-taste delays, ingestion, interindividual observations, and food transfers with continuous sampling. We found that behaviors differed between the apes: chimpanzees were the most cautious species and observed their conspecifics handling the items more frequently than the other apes. Close observations and food transfers were extremely rare in gorillas in comparison to orangutans and chimpanzees. We suggest that a low neophobia level reflects an adaptive response to digestive physiological features in gorillas and to unpredictable food availability in orangutans. Social interactions appeared to be predominant in chimpanzees and in both orangutan species to overcome food neophobia. They reflect higher social tolerance and more opportunities for social learning and cultural transmission in a feeding context.

In this study, we investigate the Baltic Sea deep water exchange with focus on oxygen conditions. We assumed that the oxygen removal rate associated with decomposition of organic matter is constant, however, we use different rates for different sub-basins. The results obtained from this study of the deep water oxygen dynamics suggest a gradual increase in removal rate from the eastern Gotland Basin to the Danish Straits. Moreover, it is suggested that a drier climate would result in a reduced ventilation of the halocline region due to strong stratification. A wetter climate on the other hand is found to markedly improve the oxygen conditions in the upper deep water as a consequence of a weakened stratification and a more intense wintertime mixing.