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International humanitarian law is the branch of customary and treaty-based international positive law whose purposes are to limit the methods and means of warfare and to protect the victims of armed conflicts. Grave breaches of its rules constitute war crimes for which individuals may be held directly accountable and which it is up to sovereign states to prosecute. However, should a state not wish to, or not be in a position to, prosecute, the crimes can be tried by international criminal tribunals instituted by treaty or by binding decision of the United Nations Security Council. This brief description of the current legal and political situation reflects the state of the law at the dawn of the twenty-first century. It does not, however, describe the work of a single day or the fruit of a single endeavour. Quite the contrary, it is the outcome of the international community's growing awareness, in the face of the horrors of war and the indescribable suffering inflicted on humanity throughout the ages, that there must be limits to violence and that those limits must be established by the law and those responsible punished so as to discourage future perpetrators from exceeding them.

CUORE-0 is a cryogenic detector that uses an array of tellurium dioxide bolometers to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 130 Te . We present the first data analysis with 7.1 kg · y of total TeO 2 exposure focusing on background measurements and energy resolution. The background rates in the neutrinoless double-beta decay region of interest (2.47 to 2.57 MeV ) and in the α background-dominated region (2.70 to 3.90 MeV ) have been measured to be 0.071 ± 0.011 and 0.019 ± 0.002 counts / ( keV · kg · y ) , respectively. The latter result represents a factor of 6 improvement from a predecessor experiment, Cuoricino. The results verify our understanding of the background sources in CUORE-0, which is the basis of extrapolations to the full CUORE detector. The obtained energy resolution (full width at half maximum) in the region of interest is 5.7 keV . Based on the measured background rate and energy resolution in the region of interest, CUORE-0 half-life sensitivity is expected to surpass the observed lower bound of Cuoricino with one year of live time.

The CUORE experiment is a large bolometric array searching for the lepton number violating neutrino-less double beta decay (0νββ) in the isotope 130Te. In this work we present the latest results on two searches for the double beta decay (DBD) of 130Te to the first 02+ excited state of 130Xe: the 0νββ decay and the Standard Model-allowed two-neutrinos double beta decay (2νββ). Both searches are based on a 372.5 kg×yr TeO2 exposure. The de-excitation gamma rays emitted by the excited Xe nucleus in the final state yield a unique signature, which can be searched for with low background by studying coincident events in two or more bolometers. The closely packed arrangement of the CUORE crystals constitutes a significant advantage in this regard. The median limit setting sensitivities at 90% Credible Interval (C.I.) of the given searches were estimated as S1/20ν=5.6×1024yr for the 0νββ decay and S1/22ν=2.1×1024yr for the 2νββ decay. No significant evidence for either of the decay modes was observed and a Bayesian lower bound at 90% C.I. on the decay half lives is obtained as: (T1/2)02+0ν>5.9×1024yr for the 0νββ mode and (T1/2)02+2ν>1.3×1024yr for the 2νββ mode. These represent the most stringent limits on the DBD of 130Te to excited states and improve by a factor ∼5 the previous results on this process.

CUORE is a tonne-scale cryogenic experiment located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso that exploits bolometric technique to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of 130 Te . Thanks to its very low background and large mass, CUORE is also a powerful tool to study a broad class of phenomena, such as solar axions and WIMP scattering. The ability to conduct such sensitive searches crucially depends on the energy threshold, which has to be kept as low as possible. In this contribution, we show how the trigger algorithm affects the sensitivity to low-energy phenomena and the interpretation of the energy spectrum. In particular, we focus on the impact that the trigger algorithm has on the identification of the coincidence events among different crystals and, consequently, on the reconstruction of the background.

CUORE is a tonne-scale cryogenic experiment located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso that exploits bolometric technique to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of 130Te. Thanks to its very low background and large mass, CUORE is also a powerful tool to study a broad class of phenomena, such as solar axions and WIMP scattering. The ability to conduct such sensitive searches crucially depends on the energy threshold, which has to be kept as low as possible. Here, we show how the trigger algorithm affects the sensitivity to low-energy phenomena and the interpretation of the energy spectrum. In particular, we focus on the impact that the trigger algorithm has on the identification of the coincidence events among different crystals and, consequently, on the reconstruction of the background.

The cryogenic underground observatory for rare events (CUORE) is a cryogenic experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) of 130Te. The detector consists of an array of 988TeO2 crystals arranged in a compact cylindrical structure of 19 towers. We report the CUORE initial operations and optimization campaigns. We then present the CUORE results on 0νββ and 2νββ decay of 130Te obtained from the analysis of the physics data acquired in 2017.

Abstract We report a study of the CUORE sensitivity to neutrinoless double beta (0ν β β 0 ν β β ) decay. We used a Bayesian analysis based on a toy Monte Carlo (MC) approach to extract the exclusion sensitivity to the0ν β β 0 ν β β decay half-life (T_(1/2)^(0ν)T 1 / 2 0 ν ) at90%90 %  credibility interval (CI) – i.e. the interval containing the true value ofT_(1/2)^(0ν)T 1 / 2 0 ν with90%90 % probability – and the3 σ 3 σ discovery sensitivity. We consider various background levels and energy resolutions, and describe the influence of the data division in subsets with different background levels. If the background level and the energy resolution meet the expectation, CUORE will reach a90%90 %  CI exclusion sensitivity of2⋅ 10²⁵2 · 10 25  year with 3 months, and9⋅ 10²⁵9 · 10 25  year with 5 years of live time. Under the same conditions, the discovery sensitivity after 3 months and 5 years will be7⋅ 10²⁴7 · 10 24  year and4⋅ 10²⁵4 · 10 25  year, respectively.

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is the first bolometric experiment searching for neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay that has been able to reach the 1-ton scale. The detector consists of an array of 988 TeO2 crystals arranged in a cylindrical compact structure of 19 towers. The construction of the experiment and, in particular, the installation of all towers in the cryostat was completed in 2016 and data taking started in 2017. In this conference we present the 0νββ decay results of CUORE from examining a total TeO2 exposure of 86.3 kg yr, characterized by an effective energy resolution of 7.7 keV FWHM and a background in the region of interest of 0.014 counts/(keV kg yr). Based on these data, CUORE places a lower limit on the 0νββ decay half-life of 130 Te T 1 / 2 0 υ > 1.5 × 10 25 yr (90% C.L.). We then discuss the latest updates in the analysis of background and in the evaluation of the half-life of 2νββ decay of 130Te.