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This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of additives such as ZrO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles (ZrO2NP or SiO2NP) on the hardness, surface roughness, and color stability of 3D printed provisional restorations. Two hundred samples in total were printed using 3D printed resins (ASIGA, and NextDent). Each resin was modified with ZrO2NPs or SiO2NPs in two different concentrations (0.5 wt% and 1 wt%), while one group was kept unmodified (n = 10). Disc-shaped (15 × 2.5 mm) samples were designed and printed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation. Printed discs were evaluated for color changes through parameters CIELAB 2000 system (ΔE00), hardness using Vickers hardness test, and surface roughness (Ra) using a noncontact profilometer. After calculating the means and standard deviations, a three-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were performed at α = 0.05. The addition of ZrO2NPs or SiO2NPs to ASIGA and NextDent resins significantly increased the hardness at a given level of concentration (0.5% or 1%) in comparison with pure (p < 0.001), with no significant difference between the two modified groups per resin type (p > 0.05). The highest hardness value was detected in 1% ZrO2NPs with 29.67 ± 2.3. The addition of ZrO2NPs or SiO2NPs had no effect on the Ra (p > 0.05), with 1% ZrO2NPs showing the highest value 0.36 ± 0.04 µm with NextDent resin. ZrO2NPs induced higher color changes (∆E00), ranging from 4.1 to 5.8, while SiO2NPs showed lower values, ranging from 1.01 to 1.85, and the highest mean ∆E00 was observed in the 1% ZrO2NPs group and NextDent resin. The incorporation of ZrO2NPs and SiO2NPs in 3D printed provisional resins increased the hardness without affecting the surface roughness. The optical parameters were significantly affected by ZrO2NPs and less adversely affected by SiO2NPs. Consequently, care must be taken to choose a concentration that will improve the materials’ mechanical performance without detracting from their esthetic value.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of denture cleansers on the color, stability, and surface roughness of three-dimensional (3D)-printed denture base resins modified with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-ZrO2). A total of 440 specimens were fabricated using one heat-polymerized resin, and two 3D-printed resins (NextDent and ASIGA). According to the nano-ZrO2 content, the specimens for each resin were divided into five groups (0%, 0.5%wt, 1%wt, 3%wt, and 5%wt). Each concentration was divided into four subgroups (n = 10) based on the immersion solution (distilled water, sodium hypochlorite, Corega, and Fittydent) and immersion duration (360 and 720 days). The color changes (∆E00) and surface roughness (Ra, µm) of each specimen were measured at different time intervals (base line, 360 days, 720 days) using a spectrophotometer and a non-contact profilometer, respectively. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Sodium hypochlorite showed the highest significant color change of all the denture base resins (p < 0.001). The average value of ΔE00 for sodium hypochlorite was significantly higher than the values for the other solutions (Fittydent, Corega, and water) (p < 0.001). Color stability was significantly affected by immersion time for all types of solutions except Corega (p < 0.001). All of the tested immersion solutions (distilled water, sodium hypochlorite, Corega, and Fittydent) showed a significant increase in the surface roughness of all the denture base resins (p < 0.05). Surface roughness was substantially increased by immersion time for all types of solution except Fittydent (p < 0.001). Denture cleansers can result in substantial color change and affect the surface roughness of unmodified and nanoparticle-modified denture base resins. Therefore, the selection of denture cleanser and appropriate types of material is critical for denture longevity.

An experiment was carried out inside a greenhouse (sandy loam soil) at the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar to investigate the effect of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizaee, Azotobacterchroococcum and Vermicompost tea on the concentration of NPK macronutrients in soil and cucumber plants. A factorial experiment consisting of two factors was designed for this purpose: the first factor is a combination of mycorrhizae (M) with 35 g plant -1 , azotobacter (A) bacteria 16 ml plant -1 with a microbial density of 2.2 x 10 9 cfu ml -1 and phosphate Rock (R) with 40 g plant -1 , added with half of the mineral fertilizer recommendation each individually with its interactions, The second factor is the addition of three concentrations (0, 5, 10%) of vermicompost tea sprayed on the plant. The experiment was designed with a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications. Cucumber seeds were planted on 15/9/2022 and service operations were conducted for the crop and the experiment continued until 15/12/2022. Concentrations of nutrients were measured in the soil after harvesting the crop as well as in the leaves of the plant. The results of the research proved that the use of mycorrhizae, azotobacter bacteria and phosphate Rock with half the mineral recommendation (MAR) and spraying vermicompost tea at a concentration of 10% are the best in increasing the concentration of nutrients in the soil and plant and revealed significant differences compared to mycorrhizae or azotobacter or vermicompost tea individually, so this treatment gave the highest concentration of available nitrogen (AN) (56.37 mg kg -1 soil), the highest available phosphorus (AP) (16.34 mg kg -1 soil), the highest available potassium (230.3 mg kg -1 soil), and gave the highest percentage of nitrogen in the leaves (NIL) (2.80%), The highest percentage of phosphorus in the leaves (PIL) (0.40%), the highest potassium in the leaves (KL) (1.95%), followed by the treatment of adding mycorrhizae with phosphate Rock and half the mineral recommendation (MR) with vermicompost tea at a concentration of 10%, then the treatment of adding mycorrhizae with azotobacter bacteria with half the mineral recommendation (AR) with 10% of vermicompost tea, then the treatment of mycorrhizae with phosphate Rock plus half the fertilizer recommendation (MR) with 10% of vermicompost tea, then the treatment of mycorrhizae with azotobacter plus half of the fertilizer recommendation (MA) with 10% of vermicombe tea. Then the two treatments of mycorrhizae (M) and azotobacter (A) separately, while finally came the treatment of chemical fertilization (S), which gave the lowest values to the mentioned properties in the soil and plants.

Background: Shade selection is a critical procedure of any esthetic prosthodontic treatment process. Despite its importance, there is a concern regarding the awareness and knowledge of shade selection among dental students and practitioners. Purpose: To evaluate the knowledge of dental students and practitioners regarding shade selection principles and investigate the differences in aesthetic prioritization between fixed and removable prostheses. Additionally, to investigate the emphasis placed on aesthetics in removable prosthetic cases compared to fixed prostheses, and to examine how this emphasis differs between dental students and experienced practitioners. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted involving students and dental practitioners. The questionnaire consisted of multiple-choice questions designed to evaluate participants’ knowledge of shade selection principles and methods used in contemporary dental clinical practice and the perceived impact on treatment outcomes in Saudi Arabia. This study involved 554 participants, divided into three groups: 117 who treated fixed cases, 51 who treated removable cases, and 398 who treated both fixed and removable cases. The collected data was tabulated for data analysis using the Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis test to generate the significance per category. Results: The study revealed no significant differences in knowledge and practice scores across the demographic factors for participants who exclusively treated either fixed or removable cases, suggesting a uniformity in expertise and application. However, among participants who managed both fixed and removable cases, significant variations emerged based on gender, age, and educational or professional level. Notably, a statistically significant disparity (p < 0.05) was observed in the comprehension of digital shade-matching technology, with practicing dentists exhibiting a higher level of awareness compared to dental students. Conclusions: The study concluded that age, gender, and education level significantly impact the knowledge and practice of shade selection. The findings highlighted a concerning gap in the awareness and knowledge regarding shade selection by dental students compared to practitioners, which emphasizes the need for enhanced educational training programs focusing on shade selection techniques and their implications for prosthodontic outcomes.

Background: this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance and elastic modulus of modified 3D-printed resins containing zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SNPs). Methods: Tooth-colored 3D-printed resin samples (ASIGA (AS)) and NextDent (ND)) were modified with silanized ZNPs and SNPs. Five groups (n=100) were prepared for each resin type, one without nanoparticles, and four groups (n=20 per group) with varying nanoparticles concentrations (0.5 wt. %ZNP, 1 wt.%ZNP, 0.5 wt.%SNP, and 1 wt.%SNP). Half of the specimens (110 samples) were subjected to thermal aging (TA; 5000 cycles). The fracture resistance and elastic modulus were evaluated, followed by Fourier-transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy analyses. An analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test were applied for data analysis. Results: Incorporating SNPs and ZNPs into the ND material significantly improved the fracture resistance compared to that of the control group, with 1 wt.%SNP showing the highest resistance (1405.9±128.4 N) and 0.5 wt.%ZNP the lowest (1047.5±100.6 MPa). However, the elastic modulus decreased notably with these additions, with the ND control group (3097.5±115.9 MPa) exhibiting the highest elastic modulus and ZNP groups (1772.0±128.8 MPa) exhibiting the lowest. In between NPs-reinforced groups per NPs type, there were no significant differences between SNPs groups (p=0.064) as well as ZNPs groups (p=0.072). For the AS material, similar enhancements in fracture resistance occurred; however, reductions in the elastic modulus were more significant in the ND material (p<0.001*). For the AS material, SNP and ZNP addition improved fracture resistance relative to that of the control group. Post-TA, the elastic modulus significantly decreased in both the ND and AS materials (p < 0.05). Compared to ND material, the increase in fracture resistance was less pronounced in the AS material. Conclusion: The addition of ZNPs and SNPs increased the fracture resistances of both materials. TA significantly reduced the fracture resistance and elastic modulus in most NP-incorporated groups. The ASIGA resin demonstrated superior performance and enhancements were more prominent which demonstrates promising characteristics for clinical use.

Background: Although nanoparticles (NPs) incorporation has been suggested as a strategy to improve the mechanical properties of 3D-printed resins, there is a lack of evidence regarding its effect on the mechanical performance of 3D-printed denture teeth resin modified with different NPs). Therefore, this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance and elastic modulus of modified 3D-printed resins containing zirconium dioxide NPs (ZNPs) and silicon dioxide NPs (SNPs). Methods: Tooth-colored 3D-printed resin samples (ASIGA (AS)) and NextDent (ND)) were modified with silanized ZNPs and SNPs. For each printed resin, 100 specimens were fabricated and divided into five groups (n = 20): one group without NPs and four groups containing different NPs concentrations (0.5 wt.% ZNP, 1 wt.% ZNP, 0.5 wt.% SNP, and 1 wt.% SNP). In addition, 20 prefabricated teeth were included, resulting in a total of 220 specimens (100 AS, 100 ND, and 20 prefabricated teeth). Half of the specimens (110 samples) were subjected to thermal aging (TA; 5000 cycles). The fracture resistance and elastic modulus were evaluated, followed by Fourier-transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy analyses. An analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test were applied for data analysis. Results: Incorporating SNPs and ZNPs into the ND material significantly improved the fracture resistance compared to that of the control group, with 1 wt.%SNPs showing the highest resistance (1405.9±128.4 N) and 0.5 wt.%ZNPs the lowest (1047.5±100.6 N). However, the elastic modulus decreased notably with these additions, with the ND control group (3097.5±115.9 MPa) exhibiting the highest elastic modulus and ZNPs groups (1772.0±128.8 MPa) exhibiting the lowest. In between NPs-reinforced groups per NPs type, there were no significant differences between SNPs groups (p=0.064) as well as ZNPs groups (p=0.072). For the AS material, similar enhancements in fracture resistance occurred; however, reductions in the elastic modulus were more significant in the ND material (p<0.001*). For the AS material, SNPs and ZNPs addition improved fracture resistance relative to that of the control group. Post-TA, the elastic modulus significantly decreased in both the ND and AS materials (p < 0.05). Compared to ND material, the increase in fracture resistance was less pronounced in the AS material. Conclusion: The addition of ZNPs and SNPs increased the fracture resistances of both materials. TA significantly reduced the fracture resistance and elastic modulus in most NP-incorporated groups. The ASIGA resin demonstrated superior performance under the controlled laboratory conditions of this study, and the observed enhancements indicate promising material behaviour; however, any clinical relevance remains uncertain until validated through comprehensive long-term and clinically oriented investigations.

Background: this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance and elastic modulus of modified 3D-printed resins containing zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SNPs). Methods: Tooth-colored 3D-printed resin samples (ASIGA (AS)) and NextDent (ND)) were modified with silanized ZNPs and SNPs. Five groups (n=100) were prepared for each resin type, one without nanoparticles, and four groups (n=20 per group) with varying nanoparticles concentrations (0.5 wt. %ZNP, 1 wt.%ZNP, 0.5 wt.%SNP, and 1 wt.%SNP). Half of the specimens (110 samples) were subjected to thermal aging (TA; 5000 cycles). The fracture resistance and elastic modulus were evaluated, followed by Fourier-transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy analyses. An analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test were applied for data analysis. Results: Incorporating SNPs and ZNPs into the ND material significantly improved the fracture resistance compared to that of the control group, with 1 wt.%SNP showing the highest resistance (1405.9±128.4 MPa) and 0.5 wt.%ZNP the lowest (1047.5±100.6 MPa). However, the elastic modulus decreased notably with these additions, with the ND control group (3097.5±115.9 MPa) exhibiting the highest elastic modulus and ZNP groups (1772.0±128.8 MPa) exhibiting the lowest. In between NPs-reinforced groups per NPs type, there were no significant differences between SNPs groups (p=0.064) as well as ZNPs groups (p=0.072). For the AS material, similar enhancements in fracture resistance occurred; however, reductions in the elastic modulus were more significant in the ND material (p<0.001*). For the AS material, SNP and ZNP addition improved fracture resistance relative to that of the control group. Post-TA, the elastic modulus significantly decreased in both the ND and AS materials (p < 0.05). Compared to ND material, the increase in fracture resistance was less pronounced in the AS material. Conclusion: The addition of ZNPs and SNPs increased the fracture resistances of both materials. TA significantly reduced the fracture resistance and elastic modulus in most NP-incorporated groups. The ASIGA resin demonstrated superior performance and enhancements were more prominent which demonstrates promising characteristics for clinical use.

Background this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance and elastic modulus of modified 3D-printed resins containing zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SNPs). Methods Tooth-colored 3D-printed resin samples (ASIGA (AS)) and NextDent (ND)) were modified with silanized ZNPs and SNPs. Five groups (n=100) were prepared for each resin type, one without nanoparticles, and four groups (n=20 per group) with varying nanoparticles concentrations (0.5 wt. %ZNP, 1 wt.%ZNP, 0.5 wt.%SNP, and 1 wt.%SNP). Half of the specimens (110 samples) were subjected to thermal aging (TA; 5000 cycles). The fracture resistance and elastic modulus were evaluated, followed by Fourier-transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy analyses. An analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test were applied for data analysis. Results Incorporating SNPs and ZNPs into the ND material significantly improved the fracture resistance compared to that of the control group, with 1 wt.%SNP showing the highest resistance (1405.9±128.4 MPa) and 0.5 wt.%ZNP the lowest (1047.5±100.6 MPa). However, the elastic modulus decreased notably with these additions, with the ND control group (3097.5±115.9 MPa) exhibiting the highest elastic modulus and ZNP groups (1772.0±128.8 MPa) exhibiting the lowest. For the AS material, similar enhancements in fracture resistance occurred; however, reductions in the elastic modulus were more significant in the ND material. For the AS material, SNP and ZNP addition improved fracture resistance relative to that of the control group. Post-TA, the elastic modulus significantly decreased in both the ND and AS materials (p < 0.05). Compared to the ND material, the increase in fracture resistance was less pronounced in the AS material. Conclusion The addition of ZNPs and SNPs increased the fracture resistances of both materials. TA significantly reduced the fracture resistance and elastic modulus in most NP-incorporated groups. The AS material may be recommended owing to its high fracture resistance during testing.

PurposeTo evaluate whether helmet noninvasive ventilation compared to usual respiratory support reduces 180-day mortality and improves health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia.MethodsThis is a pre-planned follow-up study of the Helmet-COVID trial. In this multicenter, randomized clinical trial, adults with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (n = 320) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were randomized to receive helmet noninvasive ventilation or usual respiratory support. The modified intention-to-treat population consisted of all enrolled patients except three who were lost at follow-up. The study outcomes were 180-day mortality, EuroQoL (EQ)-5D-5L index values, and EQ-visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, non-survivors were assigned a value of 0 for EQ-5D-5L and EQ-VAS.ResultsWithin 180 days, 63/159 patients (39.6%) died in the helmet noninvasive ventilation group compared to 65/158 patients (41.1%) in the usual respiratory support group (risk difference − 1.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] − 12.3, 9.3, p = 0.78). In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, patients in the helmet noninvasive ventilation and the usual respiratory support groups did not differ in EQ-5D-5L index values (median 0.68 [IQR 0.00, 1.00], compared to 0.67 [IQR 0.00, 1.00], median difference 0.00 [95% CI − 0.32, 0.32; p = 0.91]) or EQ-VAS scores (median 70 [IQR 0, 93], compared to 70 [IQR 0, 90], median difference 0.00 (95% CI − 31.92, 31.92; p = 0.55).ConclusionsHelmet noninvasive ventilation did not reduce 180-day mortality or improve HRQoL compared to usual respiratory support among patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia.

Introduction: Infection prevention and control is an important component of healthcare delivery that seeks to prevent and contain spread of infectious diseases in healthcare facilities. Infection control interventions involvecollaboration of physicians, nurses, laboratory, health administrative and the emergency medical services. All the professions provide different skills and knowledge required in the early detection, control and handling of infections within health care settings.Aim of work: To provide a comprehensive understanding of the crucial role of physicians, nursing, laboratory services, health administration, and emergency medical services in infection controlMethods: We conducted a comprehensive search in the MEDLINE database's electronic literature using the following search terms: Role, Physicians, Nursing, Laboratory Services, Health Administration, Emergency Medical Services and Infection Control. The search was restricted to publications from 2016to 2024 in order to locate relevant content. We performed a search on Google Scholar to locate and examine academic papers that pertain to my subject matter. The selection of articles was impacted by certain criteria for inclusion.Results: The publications analyzed in this study encompassed from 2016 to 2024. The study was structured into various sections with specific headings in the discussion section.