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Olfactory perception depends on soluble proteins in the perireceptor environment that support odorant transport, mucosal protection, and tissue homeostasis. In insects, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in the sensillum lymph are indispensable for odor detection, whereas in humans the indispensability of OBPs (OBP2A/2B) remains unclear because they are inconsistently detected in nasal mucus. Consequently, it remains unclear whether other soluble proteins compensate for this function or how they contribute to odorant processing and signal transmission within the olfactory mucus. Accumulating evidence indicates that OBP-like lipocalins (LCN1, LCN2, LCN15) and apolipoprotein D, together with bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI)-fold proteins, act as major mediators of odorant solubilization, antimicrobial defense, oxidative stress regulation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Alterations in those proteins and ECM organization are linked to idiopathic and age-related smell loss, chronic rhinosinusitis, and neurodegenerative disorders, underscoring their broad relevance at the interface of chemosensation, mucosal defense, and brain health. Major unresolved issues include the functional indispensability of human OBPs, the receptor-specific contributions of OBP-like proteins, and the mechanistic relationships linking olfactory proteome remodeling, sensory signaling, and disease progression. This review provides an integrative overview of structural and mechanistic insights, highlights current controversies, and proposes future research directions, including receptor–protein mapping, integrated structural–functional studies, structural–functional analysis of OBP–ECM networks, and clinical validation of OBP-related biomarkers.

Electroceuticals refer to various forms of electronic neurostimulators used for therapy. Interdisciplinary advances in medical engineering and science have led to the development of the electroceutical approach, which involves therapeutic agents that specifically target neural circuits, to realize precision therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To date, extensive studies have attempted to elucidate the disease-modifying effects of electroceuticals on areas in the brain of a patient with AD by the use of various physical stimuli, including electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic waves as well as ultrasound. Herein, we review non-invasive stimulatory systems and their effects on β-amyloid plaques and tau tangles, which are pathological molecular markers of AD. Therefore, this review will aid in better understanding the recent technological developments, applicable methods, and therapeutic effects of electronic stimulatory systems, including transcranial direct current stimulation, 40-Hz gamma oscillations, transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromagnetic field stimulation, infrared light stimulation and ionizing radiation therapy, and focused ultrasound for AD.