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"Ha, Yuan"
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شينجيانغ جسر آسيا وأوربا
يجمع الكتاب بين النصوص والصور، ويستعرض الكتاب صورة انفتاح شينجيانغ على العالم استعراضا حيا استنادا على مجموعة كبيرة من الأمثلة الحية والبيانات التفصيلية، ويتناول الكتاب بصورة شاملة كيفية استغلال شينجيانغ لمزاياها الإقليمية، كما يعرض الكتاب دور شينجيانغ الكبير باعتبارها جسر التواصل بين آسيا وأوروبا من خلال معارضها وموانيها وجذب رؤوس الأموال والتعاون وغيرها من الأشكال، وبالتالي حققت طفرة اقتصادية كبيرة.
Book
Phase‐Transited Lysozyme‐Driven Formation of Self‐Supported Co3O4@C Nanomeshes for Overall Water Splitting
The development of highly efficient catalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of paramount importance in water splitting. Herein, a phase‐transited lysozyme (PTL) is employed as the platform to synthesize nitrogen‐doped Co3O4@C nanomesh with rich oxygen vacancies supported on the nickel foam (N‐Co3O4@C@NF). This PTL‐driven N‐Co3O4@C@NF integrates the advantages of porous structure, high exposure of surface atoms, strong synergetic effect between the components and unique 3D electrode configuration, imparting exceptional activity in catalyzing both HER and OER. Remarkably, an alkaline electrolyzer assembled by N‐Co3O4@C@NF as both cathode and anode delivers a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an ultralow cell voltage of 1.40 V, which is not only much lower than that of the commercially noble Pt/C and IrO2/C catalyst couple (≈1.61 V) but also a new record for the overall water splitting. The finding may open new possibilities for the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts for application in practical water electrolysis.
A phase‐transited lysozyme‐driven strategy is developed to synthesize nitrogen‐doped Co3O4@C nanomeshes with rich oxygen vacancies supported on nickel foam (N‐Co3O4@C@NF) catalyst, exhibiting an exceptional electrocatalytic activity and stability for both the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction.
Journal Article
Inner Co Synergizing Outer Ru Supported on Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis
HighlightsA multicomponent Co@CNTs|Ru catalyst has been rationally designed, in which Co nanoparticles are in-situ confined inside CNTs while trace Ru loading is uniformly deposited on their exterior walls.Co and Ru nanoparticles spatially confined by the inner and outer surface of CNTs, respectively, would induce charge redistribution and a synergistic electron coupling.Co@CNTs|Ru catalyst exhibits an unprecedented hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in all pH-range, representing a new record among all the previously reported HER catalysts.Exploring highly active but inexpensive electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of critical importance for hydrogen production from electrochemical water splitting. Herein, we report a multicomponent catalyst with exceptional activity and durability for HER, in which cobalt nanoparticles were in-situ confined inside bamboo-like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) while ultralow ruthenium loading (~ 2.6 µg per electrode area ~ cm−2) is uniformly deposited on their exterior walls (Co@CNTsǀRu). The atomic-scale structural investigations and theoretical calculations indicate that the confined inner Co and loaded outer Ru would induce charge redistribution and a synergistic electron coupling, not only optimizing the adsorption energy of H intermediates (ΔGH*) but also facilitating the electron/mass transfer. The as-developed Co@CNTsǀRu composite catalyst requires overpotentials of only 10, 32, and 63 mV to afford a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline, acidic and neutral media, respectively, representing top-level catalytic activity among all reported HER catalysts. The current work may open a new insight into the rational design of carbon-supported metal catalysts for practical applications.
Journal Article
Porous Carbon Architecture Assembled by Cross-Linked Carbon Leaves with Implanted Atomic Cobalt for High-Performance Li–S Batteries
HighlightsSiO2-mediated ZIF-L is developed to prepare Co–N4@2D/3D carbon.Co–N4@2D/3D integrates the advantages of 0D Co single atom and 2D/3D carbon support.Co–N4@2D/3D carbon-based sulfur cathode enables a high reversible specific capacity and low capacity fading rate.The practical application of lithium–sulfur batteries is severely hampered by the poor conductivity, polysulfide shuttle effect and sluggish reaction kinetics of sulfur cathodes. Herein, a hierarchically porous three-dimension (3D) carbon architecture assembled by cross-linked carbon leaves with implanted atomic Co–N4 has been delicately developed as an advanced sulfur host through a SiO2-mediated zeolitic imidazolate framework-L (ZIF-L) strategy. The unique 3D architectures not only provide a highly conductive network for fast electron transfer and buffer the volume change upon lithiation–delithiation process but also endow rich interface with full exposure of Co–N4 active sites to boost the lithium polysulfides adsorption and conversion. Owing to the accelerated kinetics and suppressed shuttle effect, the as-prepared sulfur cathode exhibits a superior electrochemical performance with a high reversible specific capacity of 695 mAh g−1 at 5 C and a low capacity fading rate of 0.053% per cycle over 500 cycles at 1 C. This work may provide a promising solution for the design of an advanced sulfur-based cathode toward high-performance Li–S batteries.
Journal Article
Bosonization and Lie Group Structure
We introduce a concise quantum operator formula for bosonization in which the Lie group structure appears in a natural way. The connection between fermions and bosons is found to be exactly the connection between Lie group elements and the group parameters. Bosonization is an extraordinary way of expressing the equation of motion of a complex fermion field in terms of a real scalar boson in two dimensions. All the properties of the fermion field theory are known to be preserved under this remarkable transformation with substantial simplification and elucidation of the original theory, much like Lie groups can be studied by their Lie algebras.
Journal Article
Symmetries in Bosonization
Two-dimensional quantum field theories are important in many problems in physics because they contain exact symmetries and are often completely integrable. We demonstrate the power of bosonization in elucidating the structure of a multi-component fermion theory with chiral and internal symmeties. Many remarkable features and quantum symmetries in such a system are most readily uncovered in the bosonized form of the original fermion theory.
Journal Article
Phase‐Transited Lysozyme‐Driven Formation of Self‐Supported Co 3 O 4 @C Nanomeshes for Overall Water Splitting
The development of highly efficient catalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of paramount importance in water splitting. Herein, a phase‐transited lysozyme (PTL) is employed as the platform to synthesize nitrogen‐doped Co 3 O 4 @C nanomesh with rich oxygen vacancies supported on the nickel foam (N‐Co 3 O 4 @C@NF). This PTL‐driven N‐Co 3 O 4 @C@NF integrates the advantages of porous structure, high exposure of surface atoms, strong synergetic effect between the components and unique 3D electrode configuration, imparting exceptional activity in catalyzing both HER and OER. Remarkably, an alkaline electrolyzer assembled by N‐Co 3 O 4 @C@NF as both cathode and anode delivers a current density of 10 mA cm −2 at an ultralow cell voltage of 1.40 V, which is not only much lower than that of the commercially noble Pt/C and IrO 2 /C catalyst couple (≈1.61 V) but also a new record for the overall water splitting. The finding may open new possibilities for the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts for application in practical water electrolysis.
Journal Article
External Energy Paradigm For Black Holes
A new paradigm for black holes is introduced. It is known as the External Energy Paradigm. The paradigm asserts that all energies of a black hole are external quantities; they are absent inside the horizon. These energies include constituent mass, gravitational energy, electrostatic energy, rotational energy, heat energy, etc. As a result, quantum particles with charges and spins cannot exist inside the black hole. To validate the conclusion, we derive the moment of inertia of a Schwarzschild black hole and find that it is exactly equal to \\(mass \\times (Schwarzschild \\,\\,\\, radius)^{2}\\), indicating that all mass of the black hole is located at the horizon. This remarkable result can resolve several long-standing paradoxes in black hole theory; such as why entropy is proportional to area and not to volume, the singularity problem, the information loss problem, and the perplexing firewall controversy.
Paper
Weighing the Black Hole via Quasi-local Energy
We set to weigh the black holes at their event horizons in various spacetimes and obtain masses which are substantially higher than their asymptotic values. In each case, the horizon mass of a Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordstr{\"o}m, or Kerr black hole is found to be twice the irreducible mass observed at infinity. The irreducible mass does not contain electrostatic or rotational energy, leading to the inescapable conclusion that particles with electric charges and spins cannot exist inside a black hole. The is proposed as the External Energy Paradigm. A higher mass at the event horizon and its neighborhood is obligatory for the release of gravitational waves in binary black hole merging. We describe how these mass values are obtained in the quasi-local energy approach and applied to the black holes of the first gravitational waves GW150914.
Paper
Inorganic Carbon of Sediments in the Yangtze River Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay
JGOFS results showed that the ocean is a major sink for the increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting from human activity. However, the role of the coastal seas in the global carbon cycling is poorly understood. In the present work, the inorganic carbon (IC) in the Yangtze River Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay are studied as examples of offshore sediments. Sequential extraction was used to divide inorganic carbon in the sediments into five forms, NaCl form, NH₃·H₂O form, NaOH form, NH₂OH·HCl form and HCl form. Studied of their content and influencing factors were also showed that NaCl form < NH₃·H₂O form < NaOH form < NH₂OH·HCl form < HCl form, and that their influencing factors of pH, Eh, Es, water content, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus on inorganic carbon can be divided into two groups, and that every factor has different influence on different form or on the same form in different environment. Different IC form may transform into each other in the early diagenetic process of sediment, but NaCl form, NH₃·H₂O form, NaOH form and NH₂OH·HCl form may convert to HCl form ultimately. So every IC form has different contribution to carbon cycling. This study showed that the contribution of various form of IC to the carbon cycle is in the order of NaOH form > NH₂OH·HCl form > NH₃·H₂O form > NaCl form > HCl form, and that the contribution of HCl form contributes little to carbon cycling, HCl form may be one of end-result of atmospheric CO₂. So Yangtze River estuary sediment may absorb at least about 40.96×10¹¹ g atmospheric CO₂ every year, which indicated that offshore sediment play an important role in absorbing atmospheric CO₂.
Journal Article