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The worldwide resurgence of natural dyes in all fields is due to the carcinogenic effects of effluent loads shed by synthetic industries. Coconut coir ( Cocos nucifera ) containing tannin as a source of natural colorants has been selected for coloration of bio-mordanted silk under the influence of ultrasonic radiations at various dyeing conditions. For extraction of tannin dye from cocos powder, different media were employed, and dyeing variables such as dyeing time, dye bath pH, dyeing bath temperature, and the effect of salts on dyeing were optimized. For achieving new shades with excellent color characteristics, bio-mordants in comparison with chemical mordants were employed. It has been found that acid-solubilized extract after ultrasonic treatment for 45 min has yielded high color strength, when coconut coir extract of 4 pH from 6g of cocos powder, containing 5g/100mL salt solution as exhaust agent, was used to dye silk at 75°C for 65 min. Among bio-mordants turmeric ( K / S =13.828) and among chemical mordants iron has shown excellent results ( K / S =2.0856). Physiochemical analysis of fabric before and after US treatment shows that there is no change in the chemical structure of the fabric. It is found that ultrasonic waves have excellent potential to isolate the colorant followed by dyeing and environmental friendly mordanting at optimal conditions, but also the usage of herbal-based plant anchors, i.e., bio-mordants, has made the natural dyeing process more sustainable and clean.

The utilization of plant isolates as dyes in applied fields has gained considerable interest due to growing environmental concerns associated with the toxic synthetic dyes. In the present work, the agro-waste (such as grape leaves) has been valorized as a rich source of flavonoid-based natural dye for sustainable dyeing of woolen yarn. Microwave irradiation was further applied to dye molecules and wool yarn to enhance the dye uptake and process efficiency. Processing parameters for dyeing were optimized using Box–Behnken as a statistical design, and the results of the analysis revealed that the processing parameters, including temperature (80 °C), time (25 min), pH 5, and salt concentration (3 g/100 mL), significantly influence the color strength. The microwave irradiation of both flavonoid-based grape leaf extract and yarns up to 4 min, followed by dyeing, has given improved color yield up to a K/S value of 5.38. Metal mordants and bio-mordants were analyzed to improve dye fixation and sustainability. The pretreatment of yarn with Fe2+-salt, post-treatment with Al3+-salt, and addition of tannic acid during the dyeing process improved the color strength and dye fixation. Furthermore, the addition of red sumac extract during the dyeing of yarns and the pretreatment of yarn with myrobalan as bio-mordants increased the color depth. The colorfastness rating shows that mordanting has improved color stability and has offered maximum resistance to color fading. It is concluded that agro-waste valorization, statistical modeling coupled with radiation treatment, has not only added value in process optimization but also mordanting in the coloring of yarn with grape leaf extract has valorized the green dyeing.

Ecofriendly exploration of Arjun bark ( Terminalia arjuna ) is a herbal natural colorant for cotton dyeing. This is because the demand for natural dyes has been increased worldwide due to their therapeutic usage and other food, textiles, agriculture, engineering, and medical applications. Therefore, this study has been carried out due to the isolation of colorant from Arjun bark in an acidified methanolic medium after exposure to ultrasonic rays up to 60 min. Additionally, using bio-mordants, it has been found that the application of 10% of Zeera ( Cuminum cyminum ) extract as meta-bio-mordant, 3% of Ilaichi ( Elettaria cardamomum ) extract as meta-bio-mordant, and10 % of Harmal ( Peganum harmala ) and Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) extract as meta-bio-mordants has given excellent color strength. These bio-mordants have not only made the coloration process more eco-friendly, viable, and greener, but also improved color strength with various tonal effects from red to reddish brown shades. Thus, it has been found that ultrasonic treatment as an environment-friendly tool has not only enhanced the color strength of natural colorant isolated from Arjun bark onto the cotton fabric under mild conditions. Graphical abstract

Green products such as plant tints are becoming more and more well-known worldwide due to their superior biological and ayurvedic properties. In this work, colorant from Amba Haldi ( Curcuma aromatica ) was isolated using microwave (MW), and bio-mordants were added to produce colorfast shades. Response surface methodology was used to develop a central composite design (CCD), which maximizes coloring variables statistically. The findings from 32 series of experiments show that excellent color depth (K/S = 12.595) was established onto MW-treated silk fabric (RS = 4 min) by employing 65 mL of radiated aqueous extract (RE = 4 min) of 5 pH cutting-edge the existence of 1.5 g/100 mL used sodium chloride at 75 °C for 45 min. It was discovered that acacia (keekar) extract (1%), pomegranate extract (2%), and pistachio extract (1.5%) were present before coloring by the use of bio-mordants. On the other hand, upon dyeing, acacia extract (1.5%), pomegranate extract (1.5%), and pistachio extract (2%) have all shown extremely strong colorfast colors. Comparatively, before dyeing, salts of Al 3+ (1.5%), Fe 2+ (2%), and TA (1.5%) gave good results; after dyeing, salts of Al 3+ (1%) and Fe 2+ (1.5%) and TA (2%) gave good results. When applied to silk fabric, MW radiation has increased the production of dyes recovered from rhizomes. Additionally, the right amount of chemical and biological mordants have been added, resulting in color fastness ratings ranging from outstanding to good. Therefore, the natural color extracted from Amba Haldi can be a sustainable option for the dyeing of silk fabric in the textile dyeing and finishing industries.

The present study aims to extract a natural reddish brown colorant from Peepal ( Ficus religiosa ) for silk dyeing using the microwave radiation process (MW). The colorant was isolated in aqueous and acidic media, and MW treatment for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min has been given to both fabric and extract to observe changes in color intensity. The dye variables have been optimized, and for sustainable shade making process with good fastness, 1.0–5.0 g/100 mL of sustainable chemical and bio-mordants has been employed. It has been found that after microwave treatment for 3 min, under selected conditions, the irradiated aqueous extract has given high color intensity onto silk fabric. The utilization of 3% of Al, 4% of Fe, and 2% of tannic acid (T.A.) as pre chemical mordant whereas 4% of Al, 4% of Fe, and 3% of tannic acid as post chemical mordant have given good color characteristics. In comparison, 4% of acacia and 3% of turmeric and pomegranate while 3% of acacia and turmeric and 4% of pomegranate extracts as post-bio-mordant have given excellent color characteristics. It is concluded that MW treatment has an excellent sustainable efficacy to isolate colorant from Peepal bark for silk dyeing, whereas the inclusion of bio-mordants has not only made the process more sustainable and environmental friendly but also best K/S, and L*a*b* values have been acquired.

Sustainability in all applied fields particularly in textiles is to protect our globe, environment, and community, where green dyed products are playing their role. For the current study, Esfand ( Peganum harmala ) has been explored using a green isolation tool, i.e., ultrasonic (U.S.) rays, and applied onto fabric. Different dyeing parameters have been explored statistically through response surface methodology by employing temperature (50–80°C), time (25–65 min), extract volume (15–55 mL), salt (1–5 g/100 mL), and dye bath pH (4–7) through series of experiments. For developing new shades, green mordants such as elaichi, neem, turmeric, and zeera have been utilized. It has been found that exposure of 35 mL extract of 7 pH containing 3 g/100 mL of salt as exhausting agent to U.S. rays for 30 min for the dyeing of silk at 70°C for 45 min has given maximum color strength with reddish-yellow shades. Color characteristics obtained in the CIE Lab system reveal that 5% of turmeric as meta bio-mordant has given good quality reddish-yellow shades. It is found that U.S. rays have not only good potential to isolate colorant followed by dyeing of silk under reduced condition but also the application of bio-mordants have made the process more greener, sustainable, and cleaner. Graphical abstract

The present experiment was carried out to study the influences of exogenously-applied nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as seed primers on growth and yield in relation with different physio-biochemical parameters, antioxidant activities, and osmolyte accumulation in wheat plants grown under control (100% field capacity) and water stress (60% field capacity) conditions. During soaking, the seeds were covered and kept in completely dark. Drought stress markedly reduced the plant growth, grain yield, leaf photosynthetic pigments, total phenolic content (TPC), total soluble proteins (TSP), leaf water potential (Ψw), leaf turgor potential (Ψp), osmotic potential (Ψs), and leaf relative water content (LRWC), while it increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the accumulation of leaf ascorbic acid (AsA), proline (Pro), glycine betaine (GB), malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2. However, seed priming with SNP and H2O2 alone and in combination mitigated the deleterious effects of water stress on growth and yield by improving the Ψw, Ψs, Ψp, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes accumulation (GB and Pro), TSP, and the antioxidative defense mechanism. Furthermore, the application of NO and H2O2 as seed primers also reduced the accumulation of H2O2 and MDA contents. The effectiveness was treatment-specific and the combined application was also found to be effective. The results revealed that exogenous application of NO and H2O2 was effective in increasing the tolerance of wheat plants under drought stress in terms of growth and grain yield by regulating plant–water relations, the antioxidative defense mechanism, and accumulation of osmolytes, and by reducing the membrane lipid peroxidation.

To mitigate the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses signaling molecules play a significant role. The present study was aimed to assess the responses of two differentially salt-tolerant wheat genotypes (Fsd-2008 and S-24) to exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (donor of nitric oxide), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as their combined application as seed priming under saline stress. Before sowing seeds were primed with each treatment as soaking for 16 h. Salinity markedly decreased the growth, nutrient uptake and yield, while enhanced the H2O2, malondialdehyde, osmolytes accumulation, antioxidative defense mechanism and Na+ uptake in both wheat cultivars. Comparatively less increase in Na+ uptake was recorded in genotype S-24 in comparison with genotype Fsd-2008. Seed priming with H2O2 and SNP improved the growth and yield, in association with increment in leaf photosynthetic pigments, water relations as well as accumulation of osmolytes. The content of non-enzymatic antioxidant components as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes were also further increased by the seed priming with signaling molecules in both wheat genotypes. Improvement in K+/Na+ ratio due to seed priming was also found in both wheat genotypes but more improvement was in genotype S-24. In conclusion, SNP and H2O2 applied salt tolerance was associated with improved photosynthetic pigments, water relations, osmolytes accumulation, antioxidative defense mechanism, and improved Na+ discrimination.

The coloring behavior of santalin, a natural reddish-brown dye derived from sandalwood, has been investigated in this work for the dyeing of silk fabrics while being heated in MW radiation. Microwave (MW) radiation up to 5 min has been employed to isolate colorant (Santalin) from red sandalwood (Ptrecarpus santalinus) in selected medium, and bio-mordants in competing with salts as chemical-mordants have been included. Statistical analysis was made and dyeing variables were selected for getting dark shades though mordants. MW treatment for 3 min. to both extract and fabric was selected and mild dyeing conditions were optimized statistically to get dark shades. On applying chemical mordants, selected amount of salts of Al+3, Fe+2 and T.A. before and after dyeing, has given good results. Comparatively, selected extracts of plant based sources have shown colorfast shades of high strength. The MW radiation has excellent potential to extract dye form plants using optimum medium through less time and energy, and the application of plant extracts along with sustainable salts have developed colorfast shades.

The global recognition of eco‐friendly products like plant‐based dyes is escalating, driven by their exceptional biological and Ayurvedic attributes. This study isolates colorants from mango turmeric (Curcuma aromatica) using ultrasonic irradiation, supplemented with bio‐mordants to enhance color retention. Through the utilization of Response Surface Methodology and Central Composite Design, a technique that was optimized was completed to maximize coloring variables using statistical analysis. Results from 32 experimental runs reveal that optimal color depth (K/S = 19.399) was achieved with ultrasonic‐treated silk fabric (20 min exposure) using 65 mL of irradiated aqueous extract (20 min) with a pH of 5, supplemented with 1.5 g/100 mL salt of sodium chloride, maintained the temperature 75°C for the 45 min. Precoloring treatment with acacia, pomegranate, and pistachio extracts at specified concentrations enhanced colorfastness. Postdyeing, alterations in the concentrations of these extracts led to further improvements in colorfastness. Notably, adding Al+3 and Fe+2 salts, alongside tannic acid, exhibited notable effects in both pre‐ and postdyeing stages. While the colorfastness properties of unmordated silk fabric was lower than mordanted dyed silk fabric. Irradiation with ultrasonic waves significantly boosted the amount of dye that could be extracted from rhizomes of mango turmeric. Moreover, the application of bio and synthetic mordants in a strategic manner led to colorfastness ratings on silk fabric that ranged from excellent to satisfactory. This research underscores ultrasonic technologies and bio‐mordants' efficacy in sustainable dyeing processes, offering insights for developing eco‐friendly textile coloration methods. Natural dyes were extracted from Curcuma aromatica for the coloration of silk fabric using ultrasonication.