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The model developed by J. C. Headley to illustrate the entomologists' concept of the economic threshold is presented and criticized. A two-variable model directed at the problems of optimal timing and pesticide application as well as optimal pest population level is presented.

The concept of geoeconomic time, introduced here, is based on the interface among economic activity, technology, and geophysical processes. Geoeconomic time is what should frame economic analysis of global warming policy. Otherwise, the analysis will be flawed. Application of geoeconomic time to global warming has two parts. The first is the future time frame for projecting impacts on the earth. The second is the historic time frame for delineating our bounds of ignorance regarding the possible consequences of global warming. Many economic analyses conclude against policies to reduce emissions of warming gases, and instead conclude in favour of the \"optimal\" policy of adapting to global warming. The concept of geoeconomic time reveals that the magnitude of our ignorance is of such a scale that we can never reduce uncertainty sufficiently to design \"optimal\" policies. Concludes in favour of risk-reducing policies for research, development and commercialization of energy efficiency technologies and renewable energy. Successful examples can be found at the state and local levels of government action.

This is a summary comparison and “first rough cut” cumulation of recent estimates regarding private and external costs of energy. The estimates of external costs take into consideration damage to health and property caused by air pollution from coal, oil, and gas; damage caused by acid rain from coal, and costs of reducing acid rain; costs of delaying global warming caused by carbon dioxide from coal, oil, and gas; national security costs of importing oil, and benefits of oil security; national security costs of minimizing damage from terrorist attacks on nuclear power plants; insurance subsidies for nuclear accidents; storage of nuclear waste; loss of nuclear reactors from accidents and safety risks; and benefits from additional nuclear safety requirements. The estimates of private costs focus on nuclear plants, coal, oil, gas, conservation, wind, solar power plants, and geothermal steam.