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Play it loud : instruments of rock & roll
Play It Loud celebrates the musical instruments that gave rock and roll its signature sound-from Louis Jordan's alto saxophone and John Lennon's Rickenbacker to the drum set owned by Metallica's Lars Ulrich, Lady Gaga's keytar, and beyond. Seven engrossing essays by veteran music journalists and scholars discuss the technical developments that fostered rock's seductive riffs and driving rhythms, the thrilling innovations musicians have devised to achieve unique effects, and the visual impact their instruments have had. Abundant photographs depict rock's most iconic instruments-including Jerry Lee Lewis's baby grand piano, Chuck Berry's Gibson ES-350T guitar, Bootsy Collins's star-shaped bass, Keith Moon's drum set, and the white Stratocaster Jimi Hendrix played at Woodstock-as works of art in their own right. Produced in collaboration with the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, this astounding book goes behind the music to offer a rare and in-depth look at the instruments that inspired the musicians and made possible the songs we know and love. Exhibition: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA (01.04-15.09.2019); The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland, USA (20.11.2019-13.09.2020). -- Book jacket.
Book
Determination of the Optimum Blend Ratio of Diesel, Waste Oil Derived Biodiesel and 1-Pentanol Using the Response Surface Method
Higher alcohols can be included as a third component in biodiesel-diesel mixtures to improve fuel properties and reduce emissions. Determining the optimum concentrations of these fuels according to the purpose of engine use is important both environmentally and economically. In this study, eight different concentrations of diesel (D), waste oil derived biodiesel (WOB), and 1-pentanol (P) ternary mixtures were determined by the design of experimental method (DOE). In order to determine the engine performance and exhaust emission parameters of these fuels, they were tested on a diesel engine with a constant load of 6 kW and a constant engine speed of 1800 rpm. Using the test results obtained, a full quadratic mathematical model with a 95% confidence level was created using the Response Surface Method (RSM) to predict five different output parameters (BSFC, BTE, CO, HC, and NOx) according to the fuel mixture ratios. The R2 accuracy values of the outputs were found at the reliability level. According to the criteria that BTE will be maximum and BSFC, CO, HC, and NOx emissions will be minimum, the optimization determined that the fuel mixture 79.09% D-8.33% WOB-12.58% P concentration (DWOBPopt) will produce the desired result. A low prediction error was obtained with the confirmation test. As a result, it is concluded that the optimized fuel can be an alternative to the commonly accepted B7 blend and can be used safely in diesel engines.
Journal Article
Process Optimization and Robustness Analysis of Ammonia–Coal Co-Firing in a Pilot-Scale Fluidized Bed Reactor
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was coupled with an advanced statistical strategy combining the response surface method (RSM) and the propagation of error (PoE) approach to optimize and test the robustness of the co-firing of ammonia (NH3) and coal in a fluidized bed reactor for coal phase-out processes. The CFD model was validated under experimental results collected from a pilot fluidized bed reactor. A 3k full factorial design of nine computer simulations was performed using air staging and NH3 co-firing ratio as input factors. The selected responses were NO, NH3 and CO2 emissions generation. The findings were that the design of experiments (DoE) method allowed for determining the best operating conditions to achieve optimal operation. The optimization process identified the best-operating conditions to reach stable operation while minimizing harmful emissions. Through the implementation of desirability function and robustness, the optimal operating conditions that set the optimized responses for single optimization showed not to always imply the most stable set of values to operate the system. Robust operating conditions showed that maximum performance was attained at high air staging levels (around 40%) and through a balanced NH3 co-firing ratio (around 30%). The results of the combined multi-optimization process performance should provide engineers, researchers and professionals the ability to make smarter decisions in both pilot and industrial environments for emissions reduction for decarbonization in energy production processes.
Journal Article
Impacts of Intake Throttling on the Combustion Characteristics and Emissions of a Light-Duty Diesel Engine under the Idle Mode
Intake throttling has been verified as an effective approach to increase the exhaust temperature of diesel engines, which could benefit the catalytic efficiency aftertreatment. To better understand the influence of intake throttling on the combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of light-duty diesel engines operating under idle mode, a light-duty diesel engine was experimentally investigated. This study is a follow-on to previous studies on the effect of throttling on light-duty diesel engine exhaust temperatures and emissions. Tests were conducted at a fixed idle speed of 1100 rpm, and the throttle position and intake manifold air pressure (MAP) were varied. The in-cylinder pressure, pressure rise rate, heat release rate (HRR), in-cylinder temperature, exhaust temperature, and regular gaseous emissions were analyzed. The results indicated that under the influence of intake throttling, the MAP decreased from 101 kPa under wide-open-throttle (WOT) conditions to 52.5 kPa under the heaviest throttling conditions, and the exhaust temperature increased from 100 °C to 200 °C, with a fuel penalty associated with the increase in the pumping indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP). The in-cylinder pressure continuously declined with decreasing MAP, while the HRR generally increased with increasing MAP. Under WOT conditions, the ignition delay decreased, while the combustion duration decreased under heavier throttling conditions. The in-cylinder temperature with throttling was higher than that under WOT conditions, and after post-injection treatment, the in-cylinder temperature exhibited an increasing trend with decreasing MAP. The CO2, CO, NOx, and HC emissions increased with increasing throttling amounts.
Journal Article
Arc-Phase Spark Plug Energy Deposition Characteristics Measured Using a Spark Plug Calorimeter Based on Differential Pressure Measurement
A spark plug calorimeter is introduced for quantifying the thermal energy delivered to unreactive gas surrounding the spark gap during spark ignition. Unlike other calorimeters, which measure the small pressure rise of the gas above the relatively high gauge pressure or relative to an internal reference, the present calorimeter measured the differential rise in pressure relative to the initial pressure in the calorimeter chamber. By using a large portion of the dynamic range of the chip-based pressure sensor, a high signal to noise ratio is possible; this can be advantageous, particularly for high initial pressures. Using this calorimeter, a parametric study was carried out, measuring the thermal energy deposition in the gas and the electrical-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency over a larger range of initial pressures than has been carried out previously (1–24 bar absolute at 298 K). The spark plug and inductive ignition circuit used gave arc-type rather than glow-type discharges. A standard resistor-type automotive spark plug was tested. The effects of spark gap distance (0.3–1.5 mm) and ignition dwell time (2–6 ms) were studied for an inductive-type ignition system. It was found that energy deposition to the gas (nitrogen) and the electrical-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency increased strongly with increasing gas pressure and spark gap distance. For the same ignition hardware and operating conditions, the thermal energy delivered to the gap varied from less than 1 mJ at 1 atm pressure and a gap distance of 0.3 mm to over 25 mJ at a pressure of 24 bar and a gap distance of 1.5 mm. For gas densities that might be representative of those in an engine at the time of ignition, the electrical-to-thermal energy conversion efficiencies ranged from approximately 3% at low pressures (4 bar) and small gap (0.3 mm) to as much as 40% at the highest pressure of 24 bar and with a gap of 1.5 mm.
Journal Article
Embracing the spotlight (effect): how attention received online influences consumers’ offline spotlight biases
In general, consumers perceive others to pay more attention to them than is actually the case (i.e., the spotlight bias). The present research examines how the magnitude of this bias (i.e., the relative inaccuracy of these attention-related perceptions) can be influenced by the attention consumers receive after sharing content online. Specifically, when consumers receive more (less) attention after sharing content online, they experience increased (decreased) egocentrism. This, in turn, increases (decreases) the inaccuracy of their perceptions regarding the attention others pay to their subsequent offline behavior—i.e., it increases (decreases) the magnitude of their spotlight biases. This effect is moderated by both consumers’ need for attention and their intensity of social media use. Thus, this research highlights how online feedback mechanisms can have a detrimental effect on consumers’ ability to accurately perceive their offline social environments. It also contributes to theory by demonstrating the online-to-offline contagion of egocentrism.
Journal Article
Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser
Urbanisation is a major land use change that introduces novel sources of disturbance and risk into an ecosystem. Successful urban species modify their fear behaviour in response to the new conditions, as evolutionary mismatches between fear responses and environmental conditions are likely to have negative fitness consequences. Here we tested the effect of urbanisation on the fear response of a successful urban coloniser, the Australian Brush-turkey (Alectura lathami), using flight initiation distance (FID) as a measure of boldness. We predicted that Brush-turkeys in areas of natural vegetation would have longer FIDs than birds in more urbanised environments, and that males would have shorter FIDs than females. We recorded the FIDs of 80 Brush-turkeys across the Sydney region. We found that Brush-turkeys in natural vegetation and urban bushland reserves had longer FIDs than birds in urban streets and lawns. However, there was no difference in FID between sites in natural vegetation and urban bushland reserves. There was no difference in FID between male and female Brush-turkeys, between birds engaged in different behaviours, or between birds approached in the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Our results identified that Brush-turkeys displayed reduced fear behaviour in response to humans in more urban environments.
Journal Article
The Relationship Between Frailty and Functional Outcomes, Range of Motion, and Reoperation After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Proximal Humerus Fracture
The objective of this study was to investigate whether frailty is associated with functional outcomes, motion, and reoperation at a minimum of 2 years after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) for proximal humerus fracture. We performed a retrospective study of 153 patients who underwent rTSA for proximal humerus fracture at two level 1 trauma centers from 2003 to 2018 with minimum 2-year follow-up. Frailty was assessed using the modified 5-item frailty index (mFI). The primary outcome variable was the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder score at minimum 2-year follow-up. The secondary outcome variables were the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), the Shoulder Subjective Value (SSV), the 0 to 10 numeric rating scale (NRS) pain score, surgical complication, and reoperation. Bivariate comparisons were made between mFI and outcome variables. The mean age of the 153 patients was 70 years, and 76% were women. Forty patients (26%) had a mFI score of 0, 65 patients (42%) had a mFI score of 1, 40 patients (26%) had a mFI score of 2, and 8 patients (5%) had a mFI score of 3. Twenty-seven patients (18%) had complications, and 21 patients (14%) underwent reoperation. At minimum 2-year follow-up, mFI was not associated with ASES shoulder score, SPADI, SPADI pain or disability subscales, SSV, NRS pain score, active and passive shoulder forward flexion, abduction, and external rotation, complication, or reoperation. Provided they survive the initial physiologic insults of trauma and surgery, patients with higher mFI scores treated with rTSA for proximal humerus fracture can expect similar medium-term restoration of shoulder function. [Orthopedics. 202x;4x(x):xx–xx.]
Journal Article
Risk Factors for Implant Removal After Surgical Fixation of Midshaft Clavicle Fractures
Midshaft clavicle fractures are common injuries that traditionally have been managed nonoperatively. However, recent literature has shown lower rates of nonunion and improved patient-reported outcomes with surgical management. The rate of implant removal after surgical fixation varies across the literature from 5% to 82%, depending on the method of fixation. We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with plate-and-screw constructs for midshaft fractures of the clavicle at 2 level I trauma centers to determine the rate of implant removal and identify variables associated with implant removal. We collected all patient-, injury-, and treatment-specific factors as well as information on reoperation for removal of implants. Bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to assess whether explanatory factors were associated with removal of implants after ORIF for midshaft clavicle fractures. Of the 146 patients who were treated with ORIF for midshaft clavicle fractures with plate-and-screw constructs, 41 (28%) underwent removal of the implant. The median follow-up was 836 days (interquartile range, 457–1567 days). Variables associated with increased risk of implant removal included anterior plate position (odds ratio, 5.32; 95% CI, 2.01–14.1) and number of holes in the plate (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.00–1.63). These results question whether anterior plating results in less implant prominence and less subsequent removal of implants. [Orthopedics. 202x;xx(x):xx–xx.]
Journal Article