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"Hall, S."
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A history of race in Muslim West Africa, 1600-1960
\"This book traces the development of African arguments about race over a period of more than 350 years in the Niger Bend in northern Mali\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Prospects for lithium-ion batteries and beyond—a 2030 vision
It would be unwise to assume ‘conventional’ lithium-ion batteries are approaching the end of their era and so we discuss current strategies to improve the current and next generation systems, where a holistic approach will be needed to unlock higher energy density while also maintaining lifetime and safety. We end by briefly reviewing areas where fundamental science advances will be needed to enable revolutionary new battery systems.
Journal Article
Wisdom : from philosophy to neuroscience
A compelling investigation into one of the most coveted and cherished ideals, \"Wisdom\" also chronicles the efforts of modern science to penetrate the mysterious nature of this timeless virtue.
Book
Pattern and variation of C:N:P ratios in China's soils: a synthesis of observational data
Inspired by previous studies that have indicated consistent or even well-constrained (relatively low variability) relations among carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in soils, we have endeavored to explore general soil C:N:P ratios in China on a national scale, as well as the changing patterns of these ratios with soil depth, developmental stages and climate; we also attempted to determine if well-constrained C: N:P stoichiometrical ratios exist in China's soil. Based on an inventory data set of 2,384 soil profiles, our analysis indicated that the mean C:N, C:P and N:P ratios for the entire soil depth (as deep as 250 cm for some soil profiles) in China were 11.9, 61 and 5.2, respectively, showing a C: N: P ratio of ~ 60: 5:1. C:N ratios showed relatively small variation among different climatic zones, soil orders, soil depth and weathering stages, while C:P and N:P ratios showed a high spatial heterogeneity and large variations in different climatic zones, soil orders, soil depth and weathering stages. No well-constrained C:N:P ratios were found for the entire soil depth in China. However, for the 0-10 cm organic-rich soil, which has the most active organism-environment interaction, we found a well-constrained C:N ratio (14.4, molar ratio) and relatively consistent C:P (136) and N: P (9.3) ratios, with a general C:N:P ratio of 134:9:1. Finally, we suggested that soil C:N, C:P and N:P ratios in organic-rich topsoil could be a good indicator of soil nutrient status during soil development.
Journal Article
Observation of Dirac monopoles in a synthetic magnetic field
Dirac magnetic monopoles are created, directly imaged and identified in real space in the synthetic magnetic field produced by a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate.
Dirac action creates elusive monopoles
Ever since Dirac developed a comprehensive theory of magnetic monopoles in 1931, physicists have been eager to isolate these hypothetical particles featuring a north or south pole only. Although magnetic monopole analogues have been found in spin ices and other exotic systems, no Dirac monopoles have been observed directly within a medium described by a quantum field. But now David Hall and colleagues report the experimental observation of Dirac monopoles in the synthetic magnetic field produced by a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate. The authors obtain real-space images of monopoles at the termini of vortex lines within the condensate, providing evidence of the existence of Dirac monopoles. The creation and manipulation of Dirac monopoles in a controlled environment opens up a wide range of experimental and theoretical investigations.
Magnetic monopoles—particles that behave as isolated north or south magnetic poles—have been the subject of speculation since the first detailed observations of magnetism several hundred years ago
1
. Numerous theoretical investigations and hitherto unsuccessful experimental searches
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have followed Dirac’s 1931 development of a theory of monopoles consistent with both quantum mechanics and the gauge invariance of the electromagnetic field
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. The existence of even a single Dirac magnetic monopole would have far-reaching physical consequences, most famously explaining the quantization of electric charge
3
,
4
. Although analogues of magnetic monopoles have been found in exotic spin ices
5
,
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and other systems
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,
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,
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, there has been no direct experimental observation of Dirac monopoles within a medium described by a quantum field, such as superfluid helium-3 (refs
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
). Here we demonstrate the controlled creation
14
of Dirac monopoles in the synthetic magnetic field produced by a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate. Monopoles are identified, in both experiments and matching numerical simulations, at the termini of vortex lines within the condensate. By directly imaging such a vortex line, the presence of a monopole may be discerned from the experimental data alone. These real-space images provide conclusive and long-awaited experimental evidence of the existence of Dirac monopoles. Our result provides an unprecedented opportunity to observe and manipulate these quantum mechanical entities in a controlled environment.
Journal Article
Trauma-informed care in the newborn intensive care unit: promoting safety, security and connectedness
Both babies and their parents may experience a stay in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) as a traumatic or a 'toxic stress,' which can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and ultimately to poorly controlled cortisol secretion. Toxic stresses in childhood or adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are strongly linked to poor health outcomes across the lifespan and trauma-informed care is an approach to caregiving based on the recognition of this relationship. Practitioners of trauma-informed care seek to understand clients' or patients' behaviors in light of previous traumas they have experienced, including ACEs. Practitioners also provide supportive care that enhances the client's or patient's feelings of safety and security, to prevent their re-traumatization in a current situation that may potentially overwhelm their coping skills. This review will apply the principles of trauma-informed care, within the framework of the Polyvagal Theory as described by Porges, to care for the NICU baby, the baby's family and their professional caregivers, emphasizing the importance of social connectedness among all. The Polyvagal Theory explains how one's unconscious awareness of safety, danger or life threat (neuroception) is linked through the autonomic nervous system to their behavioral responses. A phylogenetic hierarchy of behaviors evolved over time, leveraging the mammalian ventral or 'smart' vagal nucleus into a repertoire of responses promoting mother-baby co-regulation and the sense of safety and security that supports health and well-being for both members of the dyad. Fostering social connectedness that is mutual and reciprocal among parents, their baby and the NICU staff creates a critical buffer to mitigate stress and improve outcomes of both baby and parents. Using techniques of trauma-informed care, as explained by the Polyvagal Theory, with both babies and their parents in the NICU setting will help to cement a secure relationship between the parent-infant dyad, redirecting the developmental trajectory toward long-term health and well-being of the baby and all family members.
Journal Article
تربية طفل متمرد : دليل يحفظ العقل لإيقاف السلوك السيئ
يوفر هذا الكتاب، سواء أظهر طفلك أنماطا متكررة من السلوك المندفع الغيرالملائم، لا أكثر، أم استوفى معايير التشخيص لاضطراب العناد الشارد، أساليب داعمة ومنورة، تم اختبارها، لتوجيهك وطفلك في الاتجاه الصحيح، وستتعلم كيفية منح طفلك الأساس والدعم اللذين يحتاجهما ليدرك إشارات التواصل الاجتماعي بدقة أكبر، ويمتلك السيطرة على اندفاعاته، فضلا عن تعزيز العلاقة بينكما، وتوفير الإمكانية لطفلك لتحقيق كل ما تعلم بقدرته على إنجازه.
BOOK
Fibrous nonlinear elasticity enables positive mechanical feedback between cells and ECMs
In native states, animal cells of many types are supported by a fibrous network that forms the main structural component of the ECM. Mechanical interactions between cells and the 3D ECM critically regulate cell function, including growth and migration. However, the physical mechanism that governs the cell interaction with fibrous 3D ECM is still not known. In this article, we present single-cell traction force measurements using breast tumor cells embedded within 3D collagen matrices. We recreate the breast tumor mechanical environment by controlling the microstructure and density of type I collagen matrices. Our results reveal a positive mechanical feedback loop: cells pulling on collagen locally align and stiffen the matrix, and stiffer matrices, in return, promote greater cell force generation and a stiffer cell body. Furthermore, cell force transmission distance increases with the degree of strain-induced fiber alignment and stiffening of the collagen matrices. These findings highlight the importance of the nonlinear elasticity of fibrous matrices in regulating cell–ECM interactions within a 3D context, and the cell force regulation principle that we uncover may contribute to the rapid mechanical tissue stiffening occurring in many diseases, including cancer and fibrosis.
Journal Article