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"Hallam, Richard"
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The Therapy Relationship
This book proposes that the age-old rules and virtues of friendship lie at the heart of all forms of psychotherapy and counselling. A therapist, however, is a special kind of friend. The unwritten moral code of friendship that governs reciprocity, trust, truth-telling, commitment, support, and advice is adopted by all forms of therapy but is modified in unique ways according to underlying theory, philosophy, values, and forms of self-presentation. Codes of conduct and ethical guidelines are viewed in this book as ways to protect the participants from unwanted and distracting obligations and temptations while still benefiting from the intimacy and commitments of friendship. The norms of friendship are adopted as a template in order to evaluate how therapy has deviated from them in order to position itself under the influence of professionalisation, medicalisation, commercialisation, politicisation, and the need to brand itself as an applied technology.
eBook
Abolishing the concept of mental illness : rethinking the nature of our woes
\"In Abolishing the Concept of Mental Illness: Rethinking the Nature of Our Woes, Richard Hallam takes aim at the very concept of mental illness, and explores new ways of thinking about and responding to psychological distress. Though the concept of mental illness has infiltrated everyday language, academic research, and public policy-making, there is very little evidence that woes are caused by somatic dysfunction. This timely book rebuts arguments put forward to defend the illness myth and traces historical sources of the mind/body debate; the author discusses what it means in concrete clinical terms to consider mental illness as a metaphor, and presents a balanced overview of the past utility and current disadvantages of employing a medical illness metaphor against the backdrop of current UK clinical practice. Insightful and easy to read, Abolishing the Concept of Mental Illness will appeal to all professionals and academics working in clinical psychology, as well as psychotherapists and other mental health practitioners.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Is Culture Learned? The Neglected Role of Evoking Events
Although no one disputes that the transmission of culture depends on social learning, a capacity that has enabled humans, unlike other animals, to modify cultural practices across generations, this review argues that cultural change can also be evoked by environmental events leading to an alteration in the configuration of an habitual behavioural repertoire. An evoked mechanism allows latent or normally suppressed behaviour to emerge. Cannibalism and warfare are put forward as examples. Evoked mechanisms have largely been ignored by one of the few attempts to reconcile biology and culture, namely
cumulative cultural evolution
(CCE). This review endorses CCE's aim of developing a
biocultural
conceptual framework but criticises this model for failing to produce a credible analysis of culture into ‘units’ or ‘variants’. The critique of CCE is situated within a discussion of the long-standing separation within academia of science and arts disciplines, each focusing at different levels of analysis and with different aims. It is suggested that the main obstacle to developing a biocultural framework can be attributed to an incompatibility between
nomothetic
and
idiographic
research methods, the former being typical of the biological sciences, the latter of the arts. A successful
biocultural
conceptual framework would therefore have to accommodate the particular and the general. It is suggested that progress in this direction would be made if agreement could be reached on ways of observing or inferring behaviours rather than pursuing an analysis in terms of hypothetical constructs such as mental representations or units of ‘cultural information’.
Journal Article
Temperature dependence of electrical resistivity, deformation, and fracture of polygranular graphite with different amounts of porosity
Synthetic polygranular graphites have a wide range of current and potential applications. Indeed, some are being considered as candidate moderator materials for the next generation of nuclear power plants, which are designed to operate at temperatures as high as 1000 °C. Detailed experimental work has been performed to investigate the electrical resistivity and mechanical behaviour of a synthetic graphite over a range of temperatures. An electrothermomechanical testing rig has been employed to conduct tensile tests to evaluate elastic modulus and fracture strength over the temperature range from room temperature to 700 °C for a near-isotropic synthetic polygranular graphite. A series of mm length scale ‘dogbone’ geometry specimens, containing varying levels of porosity between 8% and 18%, were used for testing. Acquired data revealed an average of 30% gain in material stiffness, occurring at temperatures above 400 °C. Tensile strength decreased linearly with increasing porosity at higher temperatures (700 °C). The accumulated percentage reduction of resistivity during the transition from room temperature to 700 °C reduced linearly with increasing amounts of porosity. The resistivity and mechanical property measurements are discussed, with particular attention given to the porosity of the synthetic graphite.
Journal Article
Catalytic Reductive Degradation of Methyl Orange Using Air Resilient Copper Nanostructures
The study describes the application of oxidation resistant copper nanostructures as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the treatment of organic dye containing waste waters. Copper nanostructures were synthesized in an aqueous environment using modified surfactant assisted chemical reduction route. The synthesized nanostructures have been characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). These surfactant capped Cu nanostructures have been used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the comparative reductive degradation of methyl orange (MO) in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) used as a potential reductant. Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were found to be more efficient compared to copper nanorods (Cu NRds) with the degradation reaction obeying pseudofirst order reaction kinetics. Shape dependent catalytic efficiency was further evaluated from activation energy ( E A ) of reductive degradation reaction. The more efficient Cu NPs were further employed for reductive degradation of real waste water samples containing dyes collected from the drain of different local textile industries situated in Hyderabad region, Pakistan.
Journal Article
Counselling for anxiety problems
Anxiety is one of the most common psychological problems for which people seek help. Through research, major advances have been made in understanding the causes of anxiety, the different forms it takes and how problems perpetuate. Based on these findings, Counselling for Anxiety Problems, Second Edition presents accessible and up-to-date guidelines on the most effective ways of helping clients with anxiety problems.
eBook
Development of a training programme in individual case formulation skills and a scale for assessing its effectiveness
Little is known about the skills involved in clinical formulation. The individual case formulation (ICF) approach, based on functional analysis, employs clinical descriptions that are theory-free and depicts formulations constructed according to a set of basic conventions.
We report a test of whether this method could be taught and if the quality of the resulting diagrams could be reliably rated.
Participants (
=40) participated in a training course in formulation. A draft rating scale was refined in the course of rating formulation diagrams and basic inter-rater reliability established.
Results of the study support further development of the ICF approach.
Journal Article
Ethics, therapy, and friendship
Therapy is commonly funded by a third party, which means that confidential information has to be supplied in order for a service to be provided at all. If therapy borrows from the norms of friendship, the boundaries between them are blurred, and this need not be seen as a criticism. In the UK National Health Service, it is not permitted to keep private case notes, although there are times when a client will divulge something “in confidence”, not wanting it to be written down. The rights and wrongs of maintaining an impersonal distance arouses strong debate, as an article by Arnold Lazarus and a number of invited replies reveals. All professional regulators prohibit such relationships during therapy but may not condemn it after a reasonable period of time has elapsed beyond its termination.
Book Chapter
Applied science/technology
This chapter discusses the values and techniques of those professionals who place their faith in science. They are also keen to show that their methods actually produce results. Academic researchers are interested in the process of therapy as well as its benefits, in other words, in how change comes about. Process research can help pinpoint principles of good practice, and also the skills and personality characteristics that differentiate therapists who get good or poor results. Technical therapies have a variety of theoretical rationales, values, and philosophies. By choosing a goal for therapy, and a way of reaching it, a technical therapist has already made a moral choice about how best to resolve a problem. Andrew Salter developed assertiveness therapy, now widely available as a form of interpersonal skills training in educational settings. Techniques employed to deal with a specific problem are also expected to have wider beneficial consequences and help a client to make the most of life’s opportunities.
Book Chapter