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"Hallam, Richard S"
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The Therapy Relationship
This book proposes that the age-old rules and virtues of friendship lie at the heart of all forms of psychotherapy and counselling. A therapist, however, is a special kind of friend. The unwritten moral code of friendship that governs reciprocity, trust, truth-telling, commitment, support, and advice is adopted by all forms of therapy but is modified in unique ways according to underlying theory, philosophy, values, and forms of self-presentation. Codes of conduct and ethical guidelines are viewed in this book as ways to protect the participants from unwanted and distracting obligations and temptations while still benefiting from the intimacy and commitments of friendship. The norms of friendship are adopted as a template in order to evaluate how therapy has deviated from them in order to position itself under the influence of professionalisation, medicalisation, commercialisation, politicisation, and the need to brand itself as an applied technology.
eBook
Abolishing the concept of mental illness : rethinking the nature of our woes
\"In Abolishing the Concept of Mental Illness: Rethinking the Nature of Our Woes, Richard Hallam takes aim at the very concept of mental illness, and explores new ways of thinking about and responding to psychological distress. Though the concept of mental illness has infiltrated everyday language, academic research, and public policy-making, there is very little evidence that woes are caused by somatic dysfunction. This timely book rebuts arguments put forward to defend the illness myth and traces historical sources of the mind/body debate; the author discusses what it means in concrete clinical terms to consider mental illness as a metaphor, and presents a balanced overview of the past utility and current disadvantages of employing a medical illness metaphor against the backdrop of current UK clinical practice. Insightful and easy to read, Abolishing the Concept of Mental Illness will appeal to all professionals and academics working in clinical psychology, as well as psychotherapists and other mental health practitioners.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Counselling for Anxiety Problems
Anxiety is one of the most common psychological problems for which people seek help. Through research, major advances have been made in understanding the causes of anxiety, the different forms it takes and how problems perpetuate. Based on these findings, Counselling for Anxiety Problems, Second Edition presents accessible and up-to-date guidelines on the most effective ways of helping clients with anxiety problems.
eBook
Case Formulation
In this chapter, the author stresses that the process of case formulation needs to be systematic and aware of its potential biases. An approach to studying individual phenomena that emphasizes the reasoning processes of the scientist has an illustrious history. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, therapists began to see themselves as both scientists and practitioners and used single‐case experimental methods to investigate a client's problem with the aim of developing a theoretically based intervention. The Hypothesis‐Testing Interview is very much in keeping with Bernard's experimental philosophy. Therapists following different theoretical models will focus on the factors they consider to be most relevant to the presenting problem. To reason abductively means making a best guess at the most likely explanation given all the facts under consideration.
Book Chapter
Is Culture Learned? The Neglected Role of Evoking Events
Although no one disputes that the transmission of culture depends on social learning, a capacity that has enabled humans, unlike other animals, to modify cultural practices across generations, this review argues that cultural change can also be evoked by environmental events leading to an alteration in the configuration of an habitual behavioural repertoire. An evoked mechanism allows latent or normally suppressed behaviour to emerge. Cannibalism and warfare are put forward as examples. Evoked mechanisms have largely been ignored by one of the few attempts to reconcile biology and culture, namely
cumulative cultural evolution
(CCE). This review endorses CCE's aim of developing a
biocultural
conceptual framework but criticises this model for failing to produce a credible analysis of culture into ‘units’ or ‘variants’. The critique of CCE is situated within a discussion of the long-standing separation within academia of science and arts disciplines, each focusing at different levels of analysis and with different aims. It is suggested that the main obstacle to developing a biocultural framework can be attributed to an incompatibility between
nomothetic
and
idiographic
research methods, the former being typical of the biological sciences, the latter of the arts. A successful
biocultural
conceptual framework would therefore have to accommodate the particular and the general. It is suggested that progress in this direction would be made if agreement could be reached on ways of observing or inferring behaviours rather than pursuing an analysis in terms of hypothetical constructs such as mental representations or units of ‘cultural information’.
Journal Article
A Prospective Study of Sudden Cardiac Death among Children and Young Adults
In 490 cases of sudden cardiac death identified over a 3-year period (annual incidence of 1.3 per 100,000), causes were found in 60% through conventional autopsy, and a clinically relevant cardiac gene mutation was found in 27% of the remaining cases in which genetic testing was performed.
Sudden cardiac death among children and young adults is a devastating event for the family and wider community. Coronary artery disease is the predominant cause of sudden cardiac death in older persons,
1
whereas among persons 1 to 35 years of age, sudden cardiac death is more often caused by structural heart disease, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and primary arrhythmogenic disorders (such as the congenital long-QT syndrome, the Brugada syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia).
2
–
5
Many of these cardiac causes of sudden cardiac death among children and young adults have an underlying genetic basis. . . .
Journal Article
Significant and persistent impact of timber harvesting on soil microbial communities in Northern coniferous forests
Forest ecosystems have integral roles in climate stability, biodiversity and economic development. Soil stewardship is essential for sustainable forest management. Organic matter (OM) removal and soil compaction are key disturbances associated with forest harvesting, but their impacts on forest ecosystems are not well understood. Because microbiological processes regulate soil ecology and biogeochemistry, microbial community structure might serve as indicator of forest ecosystem status, revealing changes in nutrient and energy flow patterns before they have irreversible effects on long-term soil productivity. We applied massively parallel pyrosequencing of over 4.6 million ribosomal marker sequences to assess the impact of OM removal and soil compaction on bacterial and fungal communities in a field experiment replicated at six forest sites in British Columbia, Canada. More than a decade after harvesting, diversity and structure of soil bacterial and fungal communities remained significantly altered by harvesting disturbances, with individual taxonomic groups responding differentially to varied levels of the disturbances. Plant symbionts, like ectomycorrhizal fungi, and saprobic taxa, such as ascomycetes and actinomycetes, were among the most sensitive to harvesting disturbances. Given their significant ecological roles in forest development, the fate of these taxa might be critical for sustainability of forest ecosystems. Although abundant bacterial populations were ubiquitous, abundant fungal populations often revealed a patchy distribution, consistent with their higher sensitivity to the examined soil disturbances. These results establish a comprehensive inventory of bacterial and fungal community composition in northern coniferous forests and demonstrate the long-term response of their structure to key disturbances associated with forest harvesting.
Journal Article