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Dye-doped polymer films of Poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA have been prepared with the use of the conventional solution cast technique. Natural dye has been extracted from environmentally friendly material of green tea (GT) leaves. Obvious Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra for the GT extract were observed, showing absorption bands at 3401 cm−1, 1628 cm−1, and 1029 cm−1, corresponding to O–H/N–H, C=O, and C–O groups, respectively. The shift and decrease in the intensity of the FTIR bands in the doped PMMA sample have been investigated to confirm the complex formation between the GT dye and PMMA polymer. Different types of electronic transition could be seen in the absorption spectra of the dye-doped samples. For the PMMA sample incorporated with 28 mL of GT dye, distinguishable intense peak around 670 nm appeared, which opens new frontiers in the green chemistry field that are particularly suitable for laser technology and optoelectronic applications. The main result of this study showed that the doping of the PMMA polymer with green tea dye exhibited a strong absorption peak around 670 nm in the visible range. The absorption edge was found to be shifted towards the lower photon energy for the doped samples. Optical dielectric loss and Tauc’s model were used to estimate the optical band gaps of the samples and to specify the transition types between the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB), respectively. A small band gap of around 2.6 eV for the dye-doped PMMA films was observed. From the scientific and engineering viewpoints, this topic has been found to be very important and relevant. The amorphous nature of the doped samples was found and ascribed to the increase of Urbach energy. The Urbach energy has been correlated to the analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) to display the structure-properties relationships.

Hydrogen production is produced for future green energy. The radiation–chemical yield for seawater without a catalyst, with Zr, and with Zr1%Nb (Zr = 99% Nb = 1%) were (G(H2) = 0.81, 307.1, and 437.4 molecules/100 eV, respectively. The radiation–thermal water decomposition increased in γ-radiation of the Zr1%Nb + SW system with increasing temperature. At T = 1273 K, it prevails over radiation processes. During the radiation and heat radiation heterogeneous procedures in the Zr1% Nb + SW system, the production of surface energetic sites and secondary electrons accelerated the accumulation of molecular hydrogen and Zr1%Nb oxidation. Thermal radiation and thermal processes caused the metal phase to collect thermal surface energetic sites for water breakdown and Zr 1%Nb oxidation starting at T = 573 K.

The presence of triclosan in water is toxic to human beings, hazardous to the environment and creates side effects and problems because this is an endocrine-disturbing water pollutant. Therefore, there is a great need for the separation of this notorious water pollutant at an effective, economic and eco-friendly level. The interface sorption was achieved on synthesized ionic liquid-based nanocomposites. An N-methyl butyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid copper oxide nanocomposite was prepared using green methods and characterized by using proper spectroscopic methods. The nanocomposite was used to remove triclosan in water with the best conditions of time 30 min, concentration 100 µg/L, pH 8.0, dose 1.0 g/L and temperature 25 °C, with 90.2 µg/g removal capacity. The results obeyed Langmuir, Temkin and D-Rs isotherms with a first-order kinetic and liquid-film-diffusion kinetic model. The positive entropy value was 0.47 kJ/mol K, while the negative value of enthalpy was −0.11 kJ/mol. The negative values of free energy were −53.18, −74.17 and −76.14 kJ/mol at 20, 25 and 30 °C. These values confirmed exothermic and spontaneous sorption of triclosan. The combined effects of 3D parameters were also discussed. The supramolecular model was developed by simulation and chemical studies and suggested electrovalent bonding between triclosan and N-methyl butyl imidazolium bromide ionic liquid. Finally, this method is assumed as valuable for the elimination of triclosan in water.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a dangerous and mobile contaminant with high toxicity that can threaten aquatic environments and human health. A magnetically recoverable activated carbon composite sponge (MACC) was synthesized by the in-situ growth of Fe₃O₄ NPs into activated carbon followed by encapsulation in a crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) biopolymer matrix. The structural characterization and physicochemical properties of the synthesized composite were carried out using XRD, BET surface area analysis, FTIR, SEM-EDS, XPS, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Batch adsorption tests indicated that the removal of Cr(VI) was significantly influenced by solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that the mechanism was controlled by chemisorption. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption onto homogeneously distributed active sites with a maximum adsorption capacity (qₘ) of 528.75 mg.g⁻¹. Process optimization was performed using response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken Design (BBD), where a quadratic polynomial regression model was developed to evaluate individual and interactive effects of operational variables; numerical optimization via desirability function revealed that optimal adsorption conditions were obtained at pH 4, adsorbent dosage 0.02 g, and contact time 100 min with a predicted adsorption capacity about 530 mg.g⁻¹ very close to experimental results. In addition, the MACC composite showed good regeneration ability and structural stability after repeated adsorption–desorption cycles without any detectable framework deterioration; these results confirmed that the MACC composite sponge is an efficient magnetically separable sustainable adsorbent for Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environments.

Tannery industries are one of the extensive industrial activities which are the major source of chromium contamination in the environment. Chromium contamination has been an increasing threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, the removal of chromium ions is necessary to save human society. This study is oriented toward the preparation of a new triazole Schiff base derivatives for the remediation of chromium ions. 4,4′-((1E)-1,2-bis ((1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) imino)ethane-1,2-diyl) diphenol was prepared by the interaction between 3-Amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole and 4,4′-Dihydroxybenzil. Then, the produced Schiff base underwent a phosphorylation reaction to produce the adsorbent (TIHP), which confirmed its structure via the different tools FTIR, TGA, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, GC-MS, and Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR). The newly synthesized adsorbent (TIHP) was used to remove chromium oxyanions (Cr(VI)) from an aqueous solution. The batch technique was used to test many controlling factors, including the pH of the working aqueous solution, the amount of adsorbent dose, the initial concentration of Cr(VI), the interaction time, and the temperature. The desorption behaviour of Cr(VI) changes when it is exposed to the suggested foreign ions. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) adsorption on the new adsorbent was 307.07 mg/g at room temperature. Freundlich’s isotherm model fits the adsorption isotherms perfectly. The kinetic results were well-constrained by the pseudo-second-order equation. The thermodynamic studies establish that the adsorption type was exothermic and naturally spontaneous.

A novel polyaniline-modified CNT and graphene-based nanocomposite (2.32–7.34 nm) was prepared and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The specific surface area was 176 m2/g with 0.232 cm3/g as the specific pore volume. The nanocomposite was used to remove zinc and lead metal ions from water; showing a high removal capacity of 346 and 581 mg/g at pH 6.5. The data followed pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich models. Besides this, the experimental values obeyed Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. The results confirmed that the removal of lead and zinc ions occurred in a mixed mode, that is, diffusion absorption and ion exchange between the heterogeneous surface of the sorbent containing active adsorption centers and the solution containing metal ions. The enthalpy values were 149.9 and 158.6 J.mol−1K−1 for zinc and lead metal ions. The negative values of free energies were in the range of −4.97 to −26.3 kJ/mol. These values indicated an endothermic spontaneous removal of metal ions from water. The reported method is useful to remove the zinc and lead metal ions in any water body due to the high removal capacity of nanocomposite at natural pH of 6.5. Moreover, a low dose of 0.005 g per 30 mL made this method economical. Furthermore, a low contact time of 15 min made this method applicable to the removal of the reported metal ions from water in a short time. Briefly, the reported method is highly economical, nature-friendly and fast and can be used to remove the reported metal ions from any water resource.

Novel Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II)-Schiff base complexes were prepared and characterized by all possible techniques. 1:2 molar ratio (M:L) was the only one isolated for all solid complexes. The conductometric titrations for one metal ion (for instance, copper) with the ligand, were carried out. Such simplifies the calculation for complex molar ratio in solution beside association and formation constants. Conformational study was elaborately handled by using Material Studio package (DMOL 3 program) and Gaussian 09 under double numerical basis sets plus polarization functional (DNP). The best structural forms as well as other important data were obtained and discussed for differentiation. The molecular docking study was done by using MOE-approach, to discriminate and evaluate the inhibition grade of all new synthesizes, against two elected functional proteins. 3mng and 5j71 were chosen for this study, which are responsible for blocking antioxidant pathway and kinase dehydrogenase that regulates cancer, respectively. Ni(II)-complex plays well inhibitory role towards the two functional proteins. Furthermore, extensive biological screening was done concerning all compounds as, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor. The moderate activity was commonly dominated according to most complexes-results. This screening matches good with the data expected from MOE-docking methodology.

The present study illustrated for the first time the construction, characterization, and electroanalytical validation of reduced graphene oxide-copper oxide nanoparticles based screen-printed carbon electrodes (rGO-CuONPs-SPCEs) for sensitive differential pulse voltammetric quantification of ulipristal acetate (ULP) in pharmaceutical and biological samples. The rGO/CuONPs ratio within the nanohybrid was optimized with comprehensive characterization of the morphology and the electroanalytical features of the electrode surface. The fabricated sensors with the optimal composition exhibited enhanced performance towards the oxidation of ULP molecule at 0.72 V with a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Deep and comprehensive molecular orbital and electroanalytical studies sustained oxidation of the terminal nitrogen atom (N2) with the transfer of two electrons/one proton. The illustrated calibration graphs were linear within the ULP concentration ranged from 0.010 to 5.04 µgmL −1 , with LOD value of 0.003 µgmL −1 . The developed sensors showed prolonged lifetime, high mechanical stability, and measurement reproducibility. The presented voltammetric procedure has been introduced for sensitive monitoring of ULP residues in biological and pharmaceutical samples. The outcomes were contrasted with the previously reported ULP analytical methods. Graphical Abstract

Chlorpyrifos contamination in industrial wastewater poses significant environmental and health risks due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and neurotoxicity. Conventional treatment methods often cannot achieve complete removal, necessitating advanced, integrated approaches. This study shows that a sequential anoxic-aerobic system with MBR and NF polishing can stably treat unusually high-strength chlorpyrifos effluent (up to 1500 mg/L) from industrial wastewater. Anoxic pretreatment increases sludge settleability (SVI 115 to 69 mL/g) and minimises fouling. The combined process achieves ≥ 99.7% removal, including TCP attenuation, resulting in effluents that fulfill water reuse criteria. Pre-acclimatized sludge, developed over 90 days, demonstrated high tolerance to chlorpyrifos. The biological system, consisting of a 6 L anoxic tank and 60 L aerobic reactor, was optimized for hydraulic retention time (HRT), food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio, pH, and contaminant concentration. Kinetic analysis yielded μ max  = 0.437 h −1 , K = 12.4 d −1 , Y C  = 0.49 g MLVSS/g CP, and k d  = 0.00381 d −1 . The anoxic/aerobic system achieved 90.6% removal at HRT 5 h and F/M 0.45 d −1 , outperforming a single aerobic stage (83.5%). Subsequent MBR polishing achieved up to 99.0–99.3% chlorpyrifos removal with permeate fluxes of 122.9 L/m 2 ·h, while an additional NF step increased overall removal to ≥ 99.7% and provided permeate fluxes of 28–75 L/m 2 ·h with flux recovery ratios above 99%. Anoxic pretreatment improved sludge settleability (SVI reduced from 115 to 69 mL/g) and significantly mitigated membrane fouling (flux recovery ratio: 99.05%). The integrated system consistently achieved ≥ 99.7% chlorpyrifos removal with stable operation, demonstrating its potential for sustainable treatment of high-strength pesticide-laden industrial effluents and supporting water reuse initiatives.

In this paper, the gelation technique was utilized for the synthesis of a Si/Cu amorphous sample composed of oxygen, sodium, silicon, and copper. The obtained sample was identified utilizing FT-IR, EDS, XRD, and FE-SEM instruments. The non-crystalline nature of the obtained sample was confirmed through the presence of XRD broadband in the range 2θ = 16°–46°. Also, the obtained sample was utilized as an economically inexpensive and efficient adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous media. Besides, several parameters were examined for evaluating the removal of methylene blue dye, for example, kinetic, equilibrium, thermodynamic, and reusability. Moreover, the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic model controlled the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of the obtained adsorbent was 102.05 mg/g. In addition, the negative ∆G° values affirmed the spontaneous properties of the adsorption. Also, the adsorption was exothermic and physical because ∆H° is negative and less than 40 kJ/mol. Finally, the obtained adsorbent was regenerated then reused several times without changing their removing efficiency.