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"Hamilton, Lisa M"
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Linux for Lettuce
Hamilton talks about the long and bitter story of Jim Myers, a plant breeder and professor of genetics at Oregon State University, and his predecessor named Jim Baggett. Together, they breed a broccoli with an \"exserted\" head. Hoping to advance its evolution, they shared their germplasm (an industry term for seed) with breeders throughout the US. In 2011, Seminis was granted US Patent 8,030,549--Broccoli adapted for ease of harvest--whose basic identifying characteristic was an exserted head. The patent they held covered only a few specific varieties that the company had breed, but now they were applying to patent the trait itself. Because of intellectual-property restrictions, their work increasingly takes place in genetic isolation and is less dynamic as a result. What Myers infuriates, though, is that patents such as the one Seminis is seeking don't just impede sharing; they deter others from using their own germplasm.
Journal Article
The American Farmers Market
From the halls were issued basic regulations, designating times when selling might take place or ensuring that measurements conformed to standards.Despite advances, the governing technology and transportation were still fairly crude. Because goods were brought mostly by wagon, vendors were exclusively local. [...]the climate was perfect for the advent of industrial food preservation and distribution. According to a study done by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in 1920, rural families in the state purchased more than half their fruit and up to a quarter of their vegetables from delivery services.5Farmers markets saw a brief burst of support during the Beautify America campaign of the 1910s, when the u.s. Department of Agriculture (usda) went so far as to establish an Ofce of Markets to modernize the institutions. [...]suddenly, so many markets had been created in this charming image, that within season, small-town Vermont and downtown San Francisco offered nearly identical produce: baby arugula, young fennel bulbs, heirloom tomatoes.
Journal Article
CYP2C19 drug-drug and drug-gene interactions in ED patients
CYP450 polymorphisms result in variable rates of drug metabolism. CYP drug-drug interactions can contribute to altered drug effectiveness and safety.
The primary objective was to determine the percentage of emergency department (ED) patients with cytochrome 2C19 (CYP2C19) drug-drug interactions. The secondary objective was to determine the prevalence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms in a US ED population.
We conducted a prospective observational study in an urban academic ED with 72,000 annual visits. Drug ingestion histories for the 48 hours preceding ED visit were obtained; each drug was coded as CYP2C19 substrate, inhibitor, inducer, or not CYP2C19 dependent. Ten percent of patients were randomized to undergo CYP2C19 genotyping using the Roche Amplichip.
A total of 502 patients were included; 61% were female, 65% were white, and median age was 39 years (interquartile range, 22-53). One hundred thirty-one (26.1%) patients had taken at least 1 CYP2C19-dependent home drug. Eighteen (13.7%) patients who were already taking a CYP2C19-dependent drug were given or prescribed a CYP2C19-dependent drug while in the ED. Among the 53 patients genotyped, 52 (98%) were extensive metabolizers and 1 was a poor metabolizer.
In a population of ED patients, more than a quarter had taken a CYP2C19-dependent drug in the preceding 48 hours, but few were given or prescribed another CYP2C19-dependent drug in the ED. On genotyping analysis, CYP2C19 polymorphisms were uncommon in our cohort. We conclude that changing prescribing practice due to CYP2C19 drug-drug interaction or genotype is unlikely to be useful in most US ED populations.
Journal Article
