Explore the vast range of titles available.

Mass graves are usually key historical markers with strong incentive for archeological investigations. The identification of individuals buried in mass graves has long benefitted from traditional historical, archaeological, anthropological and paleopathological techniques. The addition of novel methods including genetic, genomic and isotopic geochemistry have renewed interest in solving unidentified mass graves. In this study, we demonstrate that the combined use of these techniques allows the identification of the individuals found in two Breton historical mass graves, where one method alone would not have revealed the importance of this discovery. The skeletons likely belong to soldiers from the two enemy armies who fought during a major event of Breton history: the siege of Rennes in 1491, which ended by the wedding of the Duchess of Brittany with the King of France and signaled the end of the independence of the region. Our study highlights the value of interdisciplinary approaches with a particular emphasis on increasingly accurate isotopic markers. The development of the sulfur isoscape and testing of the triple isotope geographic assignment are detailed in a companion paper [13].

Quelles opérations stylistiques et narratives sont mises en œuvre pour écrire le Louvre dans la littérature romanesque en régime réaliste au dix-neuvième siècle ? Imaginaire historique, imaginaire génétique et imaginaire générique conditionnent la présence et la représentation du musée dans le roman. Véritable « lieu régnant », le Louvre est convoqué non seulement pour des « effets de réel », mais à titre de comparant, devenant le support de valeurs équivoques. What stylistic and narrative operations are deployed to write about the Louvre in romanesque literature in a realist mode in the nineteenth century? Historical imaginary, genetic imaginary, and generic imaginary condition the presence and representation of the museum in the novel. A veritable “reigning location,” the Louvre is evoked not only for its “reality effects,” but as a basis for comparison, becoming a medium for equivocal values.

What stylistic and narrative operations are deployed to write about the Louvre in romanesque literature in a realist mode in the nineteenth century? Historical imaginary, genetic imaginary, and generic imaginary condition the presence and representation of the museum in the novel. A veritable “reigning location,” the Louvre is evoked not only for its “reality effects,” but as a basis for comparison, becoming a medium for equivocal values. Quelles opérations stylistiques et narratives sont mises en œuvre pour écrire le Louvre dans la littérature romanesque en régime réaliste au dix-neuvième siècle ? Imaginaire historique, imaginaire génétique et imaginaire générique conditionnent la présence et la représentation du musée dans le roman. Véritable « lieu régnant », le Louvre est convoqué non seulement pour des « effets de réel », mais à titre de comparant, devenant le support de valeurs équivoques.

Although the Kingdom of France had been dominated for a generation by conflicts of a religious kind, the conditions that led Brittany to join the Catholic League in 1589 were quite different, since the province had largely kept out of the previous Wars of Religion. But the different logics at work in this process, which will be studied here, were not necessarily specific to Brittany. First of all, there was a general desire on the part of all social groups to protect the local order. This position was shared by a wide range of people, since royal officials, members of town councils and other prominent individuals (upper clergy, higher and middling nobility for example) all had a virtual obligation to serve the community, particularly when it was in difficulty. But because of their partisan diversity, their interventions almost invariably became a source of division that transcended the specifically local context. Thus, they encouraged the extension of the conflict across the province. This first paradox of order found itself accompanied by a second one, namely that in order to preserve order it was often necessary to mobilize the populace, even though once armed, the populace was always suspected by the elites of thinking in terms of subversion. This contradiction was hard to manage, although order, security and peace seemed ultimately to be the major “social” demand of the ordinary population when such a crisis arose. The basis on which these partisan choices were made needs to be analyzed. Some of the explanatory models, whether they are social or religious, fail to account for this division. Royalist Catholics adopted anti-Protestant positions just as clearly as did members of the Catholic League. It is hard to find a form of social conflict that would delimit the two camps, whether it concerns the conflicts between officials and merchants, town and country, or peasants and their lords. In seeking more convincing explanations, we need to take account of inherited rivalries that pitted men of power or towns against each other. These rivalries were no longer regulated by the arbitration or the favor of a king who was himself disqualified by his own partisanship. Instead, segmentary logics inherent in the society of the time were at work, logics that may be characterized as political, but that in general had no ideological dimension. The capacity of military power to control key points and spaces thus played a key role in ensuring the local success of a party. As a factor in politicizing conflicts, military engagement then became widespread. This analysis of the logics that emerged should encourage a more general reflection on the conditions that can lead to the outbreak of civil war, especially in the early modern period.