Explore the vast range of titles available.

Cherenkov radiation (CR) is available for a wide variety of terahertz (THz) radiation sources, but its efficiency is deeply affected by intrinsic losses. We find that if the tilted angle ( α ) of anisotropic material and radiation angle ( θ ) meet the condition of θ + α = π /2, the intensity of radiation fields for the charged particle bunch (CPB) moving from left to right cannot be influenced by intrinsic losses, which means long-distance radiation can be achieved. Furthermore, we observe an asymmetric CR when the CPB moves from the opposite direction. In addition, we select natural van der Waals (vdW) material α -MoO 3 as an example, further confirming that the radiation field can reach the far field and the asymmetric CR radiation can also be observed. These wonderful properties with long-distance radiation will extend the application of CR to a certain extent for future design and fabrication.

Because of analogies between the 2D Maxwell equations and water wave equations, methods for manipulating electromagnetic waves based on photonic crystals and metamaterials can be extended to manipulate water waves. Doing so provides new opportunities to investigate the interaction of water waves with structures. In this Review, we introduce the research progress of controlling water waves with water wave crystals and metamaterials and summarize the basic theory and calculation methods for water waves. The working principles and design methods for water wave crystals and metamaterials are described, and their properties and applications are presented. We also discuss the current challenges in this field and future directions.Similar to acoustic and electromagnetic waves, water waves are classical waves that can be controlled by artificial structures such as water wave crystals and metamaterials. This Review surveys the development of water wave manipulation using artificial structures and describes its potential applications.

Metasurfaces and metagratings offer new platforms for electromagnetic wave control with significant responses. However, metasurfaces based on abrupt phase change and resonant structures suffer from the drawback of high loss and face challenges when applied in water waves. Therefore, the application of metasurfaces in water wave control is not ideal due to the limitations associated with high loss and other challenges. We have discovered that non-resonant metagratings exhibit promising effects in water wave control. Leveraging the similarity between bridges and metagratings, we have successfully developed a water wave metagrating model inspired by the ancient Luoyang Bridge in China. We conduct theoretical calculations and simulations on the metagrating and derive the equivalent anisotropic model of the metagrating. This model provides evidence that the metagrating has the capability to control water waves and achieve unidirectional surface water wave. The accuracy of our theory is strongly supported by the clear observation of the unidirectional propagation phenomenon during simulation and experiments conducted using a reduced version of the metagrating. It is the first time that the unidirectional propagation of water waves has been seen in water wave metagrating experiment. Above all, we realize the water wave metagrating experiment for the first time. By combining complex gratings with real bridges, we explore the physics embedded in the ancient building - Luoyang Bridge, which are of great significance for the water wave metagrating design and provide a new method for analyzing the effects of water waves on bridges. At the same time, this discovery also provides a new idea for ocean cargo transportation, ocean garbage cleaning, and the development and protection of ancient bridges.

Metasurfaces and metagratings offers new platforms for electromagnetic wave control with significant responses. However, metasurfaces based on abrupt phase change and resonant structures suffer from the drawback of high loss and face challenges when applied in water waves. Therefore, the application of metasurfaces in water wave control is not ideal due to the limitations associated with high loss and other challenges. We have discovered that non-resonant metagratings exhibit promising effects in water wave control. Leveraging the similarity between bridges and metagratings, we have successfully developed a water wave metagrating model inspired by the Luoyang Bridge in ancient China. We conducted theoretical calculations and simulations on the metagrating and derived the equivalent anisotropic model of the metagrating. This model provides evidence that the metagrating has the capability to control water waves and achieve unidirectional surface water wave. The accuracy of our theory is strongly supported by the clear observation of the unidirectional propagation phenomenon during simulation and experiments conducted using a reduced version of the metagrating. It is the first time that the unidirectional propagation of water waves has been seen in water wave metagrating experiment. Above all, we realize the water wave metagrating experiment for the first time. By combining complex gratings with real bridges, we explore the physics embedded in the ancient building-Luoyang Bridge, which are of great significance for the water wave metagrating design, as well as the development and preservation of ancient bridges.

Clostridium perfringens (Cp) is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals in the natural environment and animal intestines. The pathogenicity of Cp depends on the production of toxins encoded by genes on the chromosomes or plasmids. In contemporary literature, there is no clear consensus about the pathogenicity of CpA β2 toxin. To analyze the homology of the genome of piglet source CpA and its β2 toxin, we sequenced the whole genome of strain JXJA17 isolated from diarrhea piglets using the Illumina Miseq and Pacbio Sequel platforms. The genome was composed of a circular chromosome with 3,324,072 bp (G + C content: 28.51%) and nine plasmids. Genome and 16S rDNA homology analysis revealed a close relation of the JXJA17 strain with the JGS1495, Cp-06, Cp-16, and FORC_003 strains. These strains were isolated from different samples and belonged to different toxin-types. JXJA17 strain was found to carry two toxin genes ( plc and cpb2 ). In contrast to other Cp strains, the cpb2 of JXJA17 was located on a large plasmid (58 kb) with no co-localization of other toxin genes or antibiotic resistance genes. Analysis of JXJA17 genome homology and its cpb2 would facilitate our further study the relationship between β2 toxin and piglet diarrhea.

Background Selectively replicating herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) vector is a promising treatment for cancer therapy. The insertion of multiple transgenes into the viral genome has been performed to improve its oncolytic activity. Methods Herein, we simultaneously constructed five “armed” oncolytic viruses (OVs), designated oHSV2-IL12, -IL15, GM-CSF, -PD1v, and IL7 × CCL19. These OVs delete the ICP34.5 and ICP47 genes with the insertion of transgenes into the deleted ICP34.5 locus. The anti-tumor efficacy in vivo was tested in the syngeneic 4T1 and CT26 tumor-bearing mice model. Results The OVs showed comparable oncolytic capability in vitro. The combination therapy of oHSV2-IL12, -IL15, GM-CSF, -PD1v, and IL7 × CCL19 exhibited the highest tumor inhibition efficacy compared with the treatment of single OV or two OVs combination. Conclusions The OVs armed with different transgenes combination therapy also named 5-valent oHSV2 (also called cocktail therapy) might be an effective therapeutic strategy for solid tumors.

The smart aerogel control technology based on thermochromic materials can dynamically adjust the emittance with temperature changes, which plays a significant role in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This paper presents the design of the smart aerogel based on hollow VO2 particles with excellent emittance modulation. The radiation characteristics of a single particle were calculated using the multi-sphere superposition T-matrix method, and the radiation characteristics of the aerogel were determined using the Monte Carlo method. The results indicate that when the radius of the hollow VO2 particles is 1 μm and the shell thickness is 40 nm, the hollow particles display excellent thermal regulation. When the thickness of the VO2 particle smart aerogel is 50 μm, with a volume fraction of 2.5%, the emittance of the adaptable aerogel can reach 51.295%, which provides a theoretical foundation for the further advancement of infrared smart aerogels to enhance their energy-saving performance.

With the wide use of rare earth nanomaterials in industry, environmental control, and medicine with their unique properties, it has focused on the exposure of humans to the rare earth nanoparticles in recent years. Because of the similar properties of rare earth and calcium, rare earth nanoparticles can deposit in the bone and affect the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). La(OH)3 nanoparticles are widely used in the catalysis, sensor, electrode, and luminescent materials. However, there are few reports about the bioactivity of La(OH)3 nanoparticles on the bone metabolism. In this work, three La(OH)3 nanorods have been got by hydrothermal method, Long-, Medium-, and Short-La(OH)3 nanorods, the lengths of which were of ~ 640, 255, and 80 nm, and the diameters of which were of ~ 85, 40, and 35 nm, respectively. All the La(OH)3 nanorods showed no effect on BMSCs viability and the blood compatibility. But the osteogenic differentiation showed a significant difference in La(OH)3 nanorods, in which Short-La(OH)3 nanorods showed the highest promoting effect on osteogenic differentiation. The potential mechanism in the osteogenic differentiation caused by three La(OH)3 nanorods was correlated with the different uptake efficiency in BMSCs and degradation in lysosome to form LaPO4. This work on La(OH)3 nanorods provides the basic data for the development of lanthanum-based nanoparticles.

Selectively replicating herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) vector is a promising treatment for cancer therapy. The insertion of multiple transgenes into the viral genome has been performed to improve its oncolytic activity. Herein, we simultaneously constructed five \"armed\" oncolytic viruses (OVs), designated oHSV2-IL12, -IL15, GM-CSF, -PD1v, and IL7 x CCL19. These OVs delete the ICP34.5 and ICP47 genes with the insertion of transgenes into the deleted ICP34.5 locus. The anti-tumor efficacy in vivo was tested in the syngeneic 4T1 and CT26 tumor-bearing mice model. The OVs showed comparable oncolytic capability in vitro. The combination therapy of oHSV2-IL12, -IL15, GM-CSF, -PD1v, and IL7 x CCL19 exhibited the highest tumor inhibition efficacy compared with the treatment of single OV or two OVs combination. The OVs armed with different transgenes combination therapy also named 5-valent oHSV2 (also called cocktail therapy) might be an effective therapeutic strategy for solid tumors.

The smart aerogel control technology based on thermochromic materials can dynamically adjust the emittance with temperature changes, which plays a significant role in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This paper presents the design of the smart aerogel based on hollow VO particles with excellent emittance modulation. The radiation characteristics of a single particle were calculated using the multi-sphere superposition T-matrix method, and the radiation characteristics of the aerogel were determined using the Monte Carlo method. The results indicate that when the radius of the hollow VO particles is 1 μm and the shell thickness is 40 nm, the hollow particles display excellent thermal regulation. When the thickness of the VO particle smart aerogel is 50 μm, with a volume fraction of 2.5%, the emittance of the adaptable aerogel can reach 51.295%, which provides a theoretical foundation for the further advancement of infrared smart aerogels to enhance their energy-saving performance.