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"Han, Qi"
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Jesuits, Kangxi Emperor, and the Compilation of European Mathematics
The Kangxi period (1662–1722) is a pivotal time in the history of Chinese science. Deeply influenced by the conflict between Yang Guangxian (1597–1669) and the Jesuits in the 1660s, the Kangxi emperor (1654–1722) began to study European sciences. He not only learned Western science himself but also encouraged his sons to learn from the Jesuits. In 1713, he established the Academy of Mathematics to promote the calendar reform. Using both Chinese and European sources, I will reconstruct the activities of the Academy of Mathematics within a global and social context, as well as its connection to the grand celebration of Kangxi’s sixtieth birthday in 1713. I also aim to highlight the roles of the Jesuits, the Kangxi Emperor, Prince Yinzhi (1677–1732), and the scholars involved in the translation and compilation of the mathematical encyclopedia Shuli jingyun (數理精蘊, Imperially Commissioned Basic Mathematical Principles) from an institutional perspective.
Journal Article
Application of Fuzzy Control Algorithm in First-order Inverted Pendulum System
The inverted pendulum system is widely used in the study of control theory. There are many advantages of the inverted pendulum: the equipment is cheap, and it features a simple structure and easy regulation. But since the inverted pendulum system is also a typical nonlinear, multivariable system, it’s a really difficult thing to keep it stable. Because of this, it’s important to figure out a way to stabilize the system. More importantly, new control methods will be discovered during the process, and these new methods can be used in many other different systems. The inverted pendulum system can reflect performances such as robustness, mobility and tracking performance. Its dynamic condition is similar to a human walk, and its steady state is similar to the launch system on a rocket’s motion attitude, so the study of the inverted pendulum system is also important to the robot and rocket area. This paper describes the construction of a mathematical model of a first-order inverted pendulum, and the process of designing the fuzzy controller based on the related fuzzy control rules. It also conducts the optimization of the fuzzy controller using a genetic algorithm. After using MATLAB’s Simulink module to simulate the inverted pendulum system and adjust the parameters of the controller, the system could finally reach a stable status within a short period of time, from all kinds of original status, and have anti-jamming performance.
Journal Article
STAT3 pathway in cancers: Past, present, and future
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a member of the STAT family, discovered in the cytoplasm of almost all types of mammalian cells, plays a significant role in biological functions. The duration of STAT3 activation in normal tissues is a transient event and is strictly regulated. However, in cancer tissues, STAT3 is activated in an aberrant manner and is induced by certain cytokines. The continuous activation of STAT3 regulates the expression of downstream proteins associated with the formation, progression, and metastasis of cancers. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms of STAT3 regulation and designing inhibitors targeting the STAT3 pathway are considered promising strategies for cancer treatment. This review aims to introduce the history, research advances, and prospects concerning the STAT3 pathway in cancer. We review the mechanisms of STAT3 pathway regulation and the consequent cancer hallmarks associated with tumor biology that are induced by the STAT3 pathway. Moreover, we summarize the emerging development of inhibitors that target the STAT3 pathway and novel drug delivery systems for delivering these inhibitors. The barriers against targeting the STAT3 pathway, the focus of future research on promising targets in the STAT3 pathway, and our perspective on the overall utility of STAT3 pathway inhibitors in cancer treatment are also discussed. Since the discovery of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in 1994, the STAT3 pathway has been proven to play a pivotal role in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review summarizes the mechanisms of the STAT3 pathway regulation and the relationship between the STAT3 pathway and cancer hallmarks. The emerging development of the STAT3 pathway inhibitors, novel drug delivery systems, and perspective on the overall utility of the STAT3 pathway are also introduced.
Journal Article
The effects of exercise on body composition of prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy: An update systematic review and meta-analysis
Androgen deprivation therapy is a common treatment for prostate cancer. However, this therapy is associated with various adverse effects, such as increased body fat and decreased bone mineral density. Exercise may be useful for ameliorating these adverse effects, although it is not completely effective. This review aimed to clarify how exercise interventions influenced body composition and bone mineral density and to explore the most effective exercise program among prostate cancer patients who received androgen deprivation therapy. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE , Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases for reports of randomised controlled trials that were published until October 2021. All studies involved prostate cancer patients who received androgen deprivation therapy and completed aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and/or impact exercise training. Outcomes were defined as lean body mass, body fat mass, body fat rate, regional and whole-body bone mineral density. Thirteen reports regarding 12 randomised clinical trials (715 participants) were included. Relative to the control group, exercise intervention provided a higher lean body mass (mean difference: 0.88, 95% confidence interval: 0.40 to 1.36, P<0.01), a lower body fat mass (mean difference: -0.60, 95% confidence interval: -1.10 to -0.10, P<0.05), and a lower body fat rate (mean difference: -0.93, 95% confidence interval: -1.39 to -0.47, P<0.01). Subgroup analyses revealed greater efficacy for exercise duration of ≥6 months (vs. <6 months) and exercise immediately after the therapy (vs. delayed exercise). No significant differences were observed in the bone mineral density outcomes. Exercise can help ameliorate the adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy in body composition, with combination exercises including resistance exercise, 8–12 repetition maximum of resistance exercise intensity, prolonged exercise duration, and performing exercise immediately after therapy providing better amelioration. And the combination of resistance and impact exercise appears to be the best mode for improving the bone mineral density.
Journal Article
Universal immunotherapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma with exosome vaccines that engage adaptive and innate immune responses
Background
Personalized immunotherapy utilizing cancer vaccines tailored to the tumors of individual patients holds promise for tumors with high genetic heterogeneity, potentially enabling eradication of the tumor in its entirety.
Methods
Here, we demonstrate a general strategy for biological nanovaccines that trigger tailored tumor-specific immune responses for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dendritic cell (DC)-derived exosomes (DEX) are painted with a HCC-targeting peptide (P47-P), an α-fetoprotein epitope (AFP212-A2) and a functional domain of high mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1 (N1ND-N), an immunoadjuvant for DC recruitment and activation, via an exosomal anchor peptide to form a “trigger” DEX vaccine (DEX
P&A2&N
).
Results
DEX
P&A2&N
specifically promoted recruitment, accumulation and activation of DCs in mice with orthotopic HCC tumor, resulting in enhanced cross-presentation of tumor neoantigens and de novo T cell response. DEX
P&A2&N
elicited significant tumor retardation and tumor-specific immune responses in HCC mice with large tumor burdens. Importantly, tumor eradication was achieved in orthotopic HCC mice when antigenic AFP peptide was replaced with the full-length AFP (A) to form DEX
P&A&N
. Supplementation of Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand greatly augmented the antitumor immunity of DEX
P&A&N
by increasing immunological memory against tumor re-challenge in orthotopic HCC mice. Depletion of T cells, cross-presenting DCs and other innate immune cells abrogated the functionality of DEX
P&A&N
.
Conclusions
These findings demonstrate the capacity of universal DEX vaccines to induce tumor-specific immune responses by triggering an immune response tailored to the tumors of each individual, thus presenting a generalizable approach for personalized immunotherapy of HCC, by extension of other tumors, without the need to identify tumor antigens.
Journal Article
Alarmin-painted exosomes elicit persistent antitumor immunity in large established tumors in mice
Treating large established tumors is challenging for dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy. DC activation with tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEXs) carrying multiple tumor-associated antigen can enhance tumor recognition. Adding a potent adjuvant, high mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1 (HMGN1), boosts DCs’ ability to activate T cells and improves vaccine efficiency. Here, we demonstrate that TEXs painted with the functional domain of HMGN1 (TEX-N1ND) via an exosomal anchor peptide potentiates DC immunogenicity. TEX-N1ND pulsed DCs (DC
TEX-N1ND
) elicit long-lasting antitumor immunity and tumor suppression in different syngeneic mouse models with large tumor burdens, most notably large, poorly immunogenic orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). DC
TEX-N1ND
show increased homing to lymphoid tissues and contribute to augmented memory T cells. Importantly, N1ND-painted serum exosomes from cancer patients also promote DC activation. Our study demonstrates the potency of TEX-N1ND to strengthen DC immunogenicity and to suppress large established tumors, and thus provides an avenue to improve DC-based immunotherapy.
The use of tumour exosome-activated dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy shows promise for the treatment of large established tumours. Here, the authors generate alarmin HMGN1-attached tumour exosomes which significantly improve therapy efficacy by boosting DC activation in several preclinical mouse models.
Journal Article
Discrepancies in neglected tropical diseases burden estimates in China: comparative study of real-world data and Global Burden of Disease 2021 data (2004-2020)
AbstractObjectivesTo assess the discrepancies between real-world data and the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 estimates for six neglected tropical diseases in China. Additionally, to evaluate the applicability of the GBD model within the Chinese context and to assess the effectiveness of China's historical prevention and control policies for neglected tropical diseases.DesignComparative study of real-world data and GBD 2021 (2004-2020).Main outcome measuresDisability adjusted life years (DALYs).MethodsDALYs based on reported data for leprosy, echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, visceral leishmaniasis, dengue, and rabies from 2004 to 2020 were compared with the estimated DALYs from the GBD 2021 database. Additionally, we combined and analysed China's historical policies on prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases with real-world DALYs.Data sourcesReported data were sourced from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s China Public Health Science data centre and related reports. Data for GBD 2021 and GBD 2019 were obtained from GBD databases. These data included all of China’s 31 provinces (including autonomous regions and municipalities) and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.ResultsThe total real-world DALYs based on reported data of six neglected tropical diseases decreased from 260 000 person years in 2004 to 19 000 person years in 2020, with a 93% (241 000/260 000 person years) reduction. The 17 year average real-world DALYs from 2004 to 2020 versus the GBD 2021 estimates for the same period were 42 v 500 for leprosy, 960 v 11 000 for echinococcosis, 64 000 v 98 000 for schistosomiasis, 56 v 16 000 for visceral leishmaniasis, 190 v 780 for dengue, and 47 000 v 67 000 for rabies. The ratios of the GBD estimates to the real-world DALYs for the six neglected tropical diseases were 17 for leprosy, 11 for echinococcosis, 1.5 for schistosomiasis, 280 for visceral leishmaniasis, 4.2 for dengue, and 1.4 for rabies.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that reliance solely on global estimates, such as those of the GBD, may not sufficiently capture the dynamics of neglected tropical diseases in China. Integrating local epidemiological data into global health assessments is crucial to develop accurate and effective public health policies. This study highlights the importance of continuously updating and improving data collection and surveillance methods to adapt public health strategies to evolving disease patterns.
Journal Article
Compact Sobolev-Slobodeckij embeddings and positive solutions to fractional Laplacian equations
In this work, we study the existence of a positive solution to an elliptic equation involving the fractional Laplacian (−
in ℝ
, for
≥ 2, such as
Here,
(0, 1),
with
being the fractional critical Sobolev exponent,
),
),
) > 0 : ℝ
→ ℝ are measurable functions which satisfy joint “vanishing at infinity” conditions in a measure-theoretic sense, and
(
) is a continuous function on ℝ of quasi-critical, super-
-linear growth with
(
) ≥ 0 if
≥ 0. Besides, we study the existence of multiple positive solutions to an elliptic equation in ℝ
such as
where 2 <
<
< ∞(both possibly (super-)critical),
),
),
) > 0 : ℝ
→ ℝ are measurable functions satisfying joint integrability conditions, and
> 0 is a parameter. To study (
)-(
), we first describe a family of general fractional Sobolev-Slobodeckij spaces
(ℝ
) as well as their associated compact embedding results.
Journal Article
A class B heat shock factor selected for during soybean domestication contributes to salt tolerance by promoting flavonoid biosynthesis
• Soybean (Glycine max) production is severely affected in unfavorable environments. Identification of the regulatory factors conferring stress tolerance would facilitate soybean breeding.
• In this study, through coexpression network analysis of salt-tolerant wild soybeans, together with molecular and genetic approaches, we revealed a previously unidentified function of a class B heat shock factor, HSFB2b, in soybean salt stress response.
• We showed that HSFB2b improves salt tolerance through the promotion of flavonoid accumulation by activating one subset of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes and by inhibiting the repressor gene GmNAC2 to release another subset of genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Moreover, four promoter haplotypes of HSFB2b were identified from wild and cultivated soybeans. Promoter haplotype II from salt-tolerant wild soybean Y20, with high promoter activity under salt stress, is probably selected for during domestication. Another promoter haplotype, III, from salt-tolerant wild soybean Y55, had the highest promoter activity under salt stress, had a low distribution frequency and may be subjected to the next wave of selection.
• Together, our results revealed the mechanism of HSFB2b in soybean salt stress tolerance. Its promoter variations were identified, and the haplotype with high activity may be adopted for breeding better soybean cultivars that are adapted to stress conditions.
Journal Article