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In this research, the eco-friendly cationic surfactant modified walnut shell (WNS-CTAB) was synthesised to enhance the uptake for bisphenol A (BPA) and Congo red (CR) from aqueous solution. The characterisation of WNS-CTAB was performed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), etc. to know its physiochemical properties. The adsorption equilibrium results were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, which confirmed the monolayer adsorption of the pollutant molecules onto the adsorbent’s surface. The maximum monolayer adsorption quantity of WNS-CTAB was established to be 38.5 mg g –1 for BPA and 104.4 mg g –1 for CR at 303 K, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetic models described the adsorption kinetics of both BPA and CR. Furthermore, the intra-particle diffusion was applied to analyse the kinetic results and was established that the rate was not solely controlled by diffusion. The mechanisms associated with BPA and CR adsorption onto the WNS-CTAB may include van der Waals interaction, hydrophobic interaction, and electrostatic force. WNS-CTAB demonstrated a good reusability potential with desorption through three successive adsorption-desorption cycles performed in both experiments. Moreover, in the binary system, the adsorption capacity of BPA witnessed a 66% decrease while CR saw marginal reduction of 8.0 %. This suggests that WNS-CTAB had a higher affinity for binding to CR with higher selectivity as compared with BPA. Therefore, WNS-CTAB has exhibited huge potential to serve as a functional material for practical use in the treatment of wastewater. Graphical abstract

In this paper, the potential has been investigated of using the silver(I) 3,5-diphenyltriazolate MOF—AgTz-1 as an adsorbent towards the adsorption of p -nitrophenol (PNP) from water. Based on experimental results, the best adsorption performance can be achieved at room temperature (or slightly elevated temperature) in neutral solution with the adsorption capacity Q max being 184.8 mg/g (308 K) and 143.5 mg/g (298 K). The adsorption of PNP onto AgTz-1 is pH-dependent: at pH > 8 it can be described by the “one in, one out” anion exchange mechanism; while at pH 7 or less, some neutral 4-nitrophenol molecules may enter the interior of MOF along with 4-nitrophenolate anions via hydrogen-bonding and/or π-π stacking, accompanied by the expansion of MOF structure at higher equilibrium concentrations of PNP at 298 K and 308 K. Moreover, the adsorption efficiency of AgTz-1 remained almost the same after five consecutive cycles of adsorption–desorption.

A novel adsorbent PN-Fe 3 O 4 -IDA was developed by the chemical modification of magnetic peanut husk with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and its efficacy for the sequestration of cationic dyes assessed using methylene blue (MB) as a model. This modification process enhanced the adsorption capacity of peanut husk as an adsorbent for dye sequestration and at the same time greatly minimized the adverse effects associated with its use in the pristine state. Results from the batch adsorption studies indicated that the uptake of MB onto PN-Fe 3 O 4 -IDA increased with MB concentration, contact time, temperature and pH whereas it decreased in the presence of some common salts. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was observed to best describe the adsorption process which may greatly be influenced by the intra particle diffusion mass transfer. A maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 43.5 mg g −1 was observed at 313 K according to the Langmuir model. There was good property of regeneration for MB-loaded PN-Fe 3 O 4 -IDA. Based on these results, as well as other unique features such as easy separation and preparation under benign environmental conditions, PN-Fe 3 O 4 -IDA exhibits great potential for the removal of MB and other cationic pollutants in practical applications with easy separation from solution using external magnet. Graphical abstract

Achieving precise and controllable hierarchical self-assembly of functional nanoclusters within crystal lattices to create distinct architectures is of immense significance, yet it creates considerable challenges. Here we successfully synthesized a silver nanowheel Ag 40 , along with its optically pure enantiomers S-/R- Ag 40. Each species possesses an internal nanospace and exhibits host-guest interactions. These structures are constructed from primary building blocks (Ag 9 ). By manipulating the surface anions and guest molecules, the nanowheels function as secondary building blocks, spontaneously organizing into complex double- and triple-helical crystalline superstructures or one-dimensional chains {Ag 41 } n through conformational matching and diverse noncovalent interactions. Moreover, we demonstrate that the water-mediated complex specifically assembled with uridine monophosphate nucleotides, resulting in chiral assemblies of Ag 40 that exhibit chiroptical activity for specific recognition. Our findings provide insights into the efficient construction of assemblies with hollow frameworks and propose strategies for superstructure engineering by manipulating surface motifs. Achieving precise and controllable hierarchical self-assembly of nanoclusters within crystal lattices is of immense significance yet remains challenging. Here the authors synthesize a silver nanowheel Ag 40 , along with its optically pure enantiomers S -/ R -Ag 40 , and characterize its self-assembly into double- and triple-helical superstructures.

The direct discharge of untreated contaminants into global water systems has jeopardized our water security worldwide. This environmental concern has prompted scientists to develop various methods, systems and agents to remove these pollutants. One such method is adsorption, where adsorbents, such as agricultural waste materials. Compared to commercial carbon, raw agricultural waste material is easily obtained at low cost, but suffers from some drawbacks such as poor adsorptive capability. This can be solved by grafting polyethyleneimine to enhance adsorption. Indeed, polyethyleneimine-functionalized adsorbents have emerged as environmentally safe, cost-effective, and promising adsorbents with high adsorption capabilities in pollutant sequestration. Here we review adsorption using polyethyleneimine-modified agricultural waste materials for pollutant removal. The manuscript outlines the principles of adsorption and proposes methods for the introduction of polyethyleneimine on surface of materials. We present common characterization methods. Kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies are also reviewed. This manuscript also presents the regeneration and reusability potential. Mechanisms involved in adsorption are discussed.

Luminescence is one of the most important properties for metal nanoclusters; however, clearly revealing its origin remains challenging. The different luminescence properties of the two prototypical 8e nanoclusters Au 11 and Au 13 remain elusive—Au 11 is always nonluminescent, whereas Au 13 is luminescent. In this work, by using a designed unique aromatic ligand (quinoline-2-thiol), we obtained new atomically precise phosphine-thiolate-protected neutral Au 11 - SH and cationic Au 13 - SH . In comparison with the classic phosphine-halide-protected Au 11 - Cl and Au 13 - Cl , the Cl-to-thiol alteration triggered room-temperature luminescence of the Au 11 core and dramatically modulated that of the Au 13 core. Ultrafast ultraviolet/infrared (UV/IR) spectroscopy, which is sensitive to organic aromatic groups, together with ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy unprecedently revealed a relaxation process from the ligand to core state affecting the dynamics in excited states and some critical intermediate states favouring efficient room-temperature emission of these nanoclusters. This work provides some new insights into the origin of photoluminescence of metal nanoclusters and opens an avenue to modulate the dynamics of their excited states using aromatic ligands, which would have direct applications in lighting, light harvesting, and photocatalysis.

In recent years, the incidence of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HLAP) has been increasing. Identifying the risk factors associated with severe HLAP and developing a predictive model are crucial for early detection and intervention, thereby alleviating the disease burden. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with severe HLAP and develop a predictive model. Data on HLAP treated in Taixing People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University from January 1, 2020, to June 30, 2023, were retrospectively collected and divided into a mild group (  = 296) and a moderate severe/severe group (  = 60). Univariate analysis and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression were used to select variables, and the selected variables were incorporated into logistic regression to analyze the risk factors of severe disease. A logistic regression model was constructed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate model differentiation, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and calibration curve were used to evaluate model consistency. The univariate analysis showed statistically significant differences in 50 variables between the mild and moderately severe/severe groups. LASSO regression identified the following variables: D-dimer, blood calcium, cholesterol, standard bicarbonate (SB), total carbon dioxide, and C-reactive protein-albumin ratio (CAR). The constructed logistic regression model included D-dimer, blood calcium, and cholesterol, with an AUC of 0.8341 (95% CI [0.7724-0.8958]). The model's calibration was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (  = 6.8383,  = 0.5542), and the calibration curve demonstrated that the model's predictions closely aligned with observed outcomes. The risk factors of severe HLAP include D-dimer elevation, calcium depletion and cholesterol elevation. The predictive model established by logistic regression has good performance, which is helpful for early identification and intervention by clinicians.

A novel adsorbent (PN-Fe 3 O 4 -IDA-Zr) was developed from the chemical modification of peanut husk (a low cost material) with Fe 3 O 4 , iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and zirconium (Zr) and its efficacy for the sequestration of wastewater assessed using Alizarin red (AR) and Acid chrome blue K (AK) as model pollutants. To elucidate the characteristics of the formed adsorbent, analytical techniques such as the Bruauner-Emmet-Teller (BET) method, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractive spectroscopy (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were applied. Results from these studies confirmed the formation of a crystalline mesoporous adsorbent with surface properties which enhanced its usefulness. From the adsorption studies, it was observed that factors such as pH, salts, temperature and contact time influenced the uptake of the anionic dyes. The maximum monolayer capacity of PN-Fe 3 O 4 -IDA-Zr for AR was 49.4 mg g −1 (at 313 K) and was well fitted by the Langmuir model with the chemisorption process being the dominant reaction mechanism. In binary systems, PN-Fe 3 O 4 -IDA-Zr exhibited higher affinity for AR as compared with AK. The significant removal efficiency exhibited by this novel adsorbent as well as other unique features such as easy retrieval and high regeneration promotes its prospects as an adsorbent for practical wastewater remediation processes. Graphical abstract

Novel adsorbent, phosphoric acid-modified Paeonia ostii seed coats (PA-PSC) were successfully prepared by low-temperature pyrolysis to effectively remove Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The results revealed that equilibrium adsorption capacity ( q e ) of PA-PSC for Cu(II) was notably enhanced up to 4-folds compared with the raw PSC. FT-IR and XPS analyses suggested that the adsorption of Cu(II) by PA-PSC was primarily ascribed to electrostatic forces and complexing effects. Besides, equilibrium and kinetic studies demonstrated that Freundlich and pseudo-second-order models were the actually fairly good approximations of Cu(II) adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption of Cu(II) onto PA-PSC was a chemical, endothermic, and spontaneous process. Lastly, reusability study further confirmed the applicability of PA-PSC as a promising adsorbent for removing Cu(II) from aqueous solution.

As two important tumor markers, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have a great value for clinical application in the early diagnosis of cancer. Due to the complex composition of biological samples, the results from combined detection of CEA and VEGF are often taken as a comprehensive indicator in order to make an accurate judgment on a disease. However, most of the current methods can only be used to detect the content of one biomarker. Therefore, it is necessary to explore a simple, rapid, low-cost, and highly sensitive method for the simultaneous detection of CEA and VEGF. Based on specific aptamers and magnetic separation, a time-resolved chemiluminescence enzyme-linked aptamer assay was developed for the simultaneous detections of CEA and VEGF in serum samples. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of the calibration curve for VEGF was from 0.5 to 80 ng mL , and the limit of detection was 0.1 ng mL . The linear range of the calibration curve for CEA was 0.5 to 160 ng mL , and the limit of detection was 0.1 ng mL . The established method was applied to detect VEGF and CEA in serum samples. The results were consistent with those of commercial kits. The method has high sensitivity and can quickly obtain accurate results, which could greatly improve the measurement efficiency, reduce the cost, and also reduce the volume of sample consumed. It can be seen that the method established in this study has important application value and broad application prospect in clinical diagnosis.