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In recent decades, environmental health risk caused by heavy metals in industrial wastewater (EHR-IHM) has become a serious issue globally, especially for China. Given the spatial difference of heavy metal emissions, hydrogeography, population distribution, etc., it is essential to estimate China’s EHR-IHM from a high-resolution perspective. Based on the framework of USEtox, this study constructs an environmental health risk assessment method for heavy metals discharged from industrial wastewater by coupling the Pollutant Accumulation Model (PAM). This method also considers the process of heavy metal flows between upstream and downstream areas. Based on this constructed method, we investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of EHR-IHM of As, Cd, Cr(VI), Hg, and Pb in China from 1999 to 2018. Results showed that the EHR-IHM in China increased rapidly during 1999–2007 and decreased gradually during 2007–2018, with the highest Damage Level (DL) of 6.8 × 104 disability-adjusted life years (DALY). As and Cr(VI) were the major heavy metal pollutants, which induced 58.9–70.6% and 23.9–36.2% of the total EHR-IHM, respectively. Intake of aquatic products was the dominant exposure route, accounting for over 84.1% of national EHR-IHM, followed by drinking water intake, accounting for 9.5–15.8%. Regarding spatial distribution, the regions with high EHR-IHM are mainly distributed in the middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River, southeast coastal cities, Bohai Rim, etc.

Industrial wastewater is the largest contributor of toxic pollutants and third-largest contributor of nutrients to bodies of water in China, and understanding the characteristics of such pollution is important for water pollution control. In this study, the industrial gray water footprint (GWF) of each industry sector in China’s 31 provinces in 2015 was calculated to identify the pollution characteristics of industrial wastewater discharge and determine how to efficiently allocate investment to pollution reduction. We show that the total industrial GWF of China was 300 billion m 3 in 2015 and that the major pollutants were petroleum pollutant (PP), ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N), volatile phenol (VP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The water pollution level (WPL) was higher than 1 in Ningxia, Shanxi, Hebei, Tianjin, Shanghai, Henan, and Shandong, indicating that industrial pollution exceeded the carrying capacity of local water bodies in these seven regions. Given equivalent total investment, a scenario that takes the total reduction of the industrial GWF weighted by the WPL in each region as the investment target can better allocate funds to control industrial wastewater pollution in regions with high WPLs relative to a scenario in which investment targets the reduction of the unweighted total industrial GWF. For further industrial GWF reduction in regions with high WPLs, it is crucial to adjust the industrial structure and to upgrade relevant technologies.

Material utilisation has been playing a fundamental role in economic development, but meanwhile, it may have environmental and social consequences. Given China’s rapid economic growth, understanding China’s material utilisation patterns would inform decisions for researchers and policymakers. However, fragmented data from multiple statistical sources hinder us from comprehensively portraying China’s material utilisation dynamics. This study harmonised China-specific official statistics and constructed a China economy-wide material flow accounts database. This database covers hundreds of materials and more than 30 years (1990–2020) from thousands of data sources, which is comprehensive, long-term, up-to-date, and publicly accessed. This database would provide insights into the historical metabolic dynamics of China’s economy with elaboration on the production, consumption, and end-of-life disposal of materials. This database also allows for international analyses since it is developed based on an internationally standardised analytical framework. Furthermore, this study would benefit studies on policy impact evaluation, environmental pressure assessment, and sustainable development strategies. Measurement(s) domestic extraction • emission • international trade • imports • exports Technology Type(s) economy-wide material flow analysis Factor Type(s) economy • environment • material flow Sample Characteristic - Location China

As an important causative factor of environmental accidents, natural disasters have recently received much attention for environmental risk assessment. Typhoons are one of the most frequent natural disasters in the northern Pacific Ocean and South China Sea and cause enormous damage to agriculture, daily livelihood, and industry. In this study, an environmental risk assessment for industrial enterprises is conducted when considering typhoon disasters. First, a Na-tech (natural hazard triggering technological disasters) environmental risk assessment index system with the aid of an analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy evaluation model (ERA-FAM) is developed to explore the major determinants related to risk level. The impact of typhoon disasters on environmental risk from chemical enterprises is discussed using a comparative analysis of risk levels with and without typhoon disaster scenarios. A chemical plant located in Zhejiang, China, is selected as a case study using this methodology. Three hypothetical scenarios are assumed, based on actual situations, to explore the impact of various factors on environmental risk. The results demonstrate that production factors and surrounding environmental conditions are the most sensitive factors for typhoon disasters, while emergency preparation is most important for reducing environmental risk. The influence of typhoons on environmental risk values is much higher for enterprises with imperfect management and vulnerable water risk receptors. Incorporating disaster management into environmental risk management will aid in developing strategies and policies for environmental risk mitigation and risk reduction practices.

With the rapid advancement of industrialization without effective supervision, industrial aquatic toxic metal (TM) emissions pose threats to human health in China. Due to differences in socioeconomic development, the regional disparity of industrial aquatic TM emissions is obvious nationwide. In this study, the human health impacts (HHIs) of industrial aquatic TM emissions (i.e., mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As)) in the 31 provinces of China were evaluated based on the ReCiPe method, and the driving factors affecting HHIs from 2000 to 2015 were decomposed using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. The results showed that the HHIs gradually decreased, with more than an 80% decrease from 2000 to 2015. The order of the TMs contributing to the national HHIs in 2015 was as follows: As (79.5%) > Cr(VI) (19.6%) > Hg (0.4%) > Pb (0.2%) = Cd (0.2%), and 21 (68%) provinces were dominated by industrial aquatic As emissions. Economic development is the major driving factor of the increase in HHIs, while the HHI strength and wastewater discharge intensity are the key driving factors causing reductions in the HHIs. Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, and Jiangxi accounted for approximately 55% of the total HHIs in 2015. Some suggestions for reducing HHIs based on the local realities of different provinces were put proposed considering two aspects: economic strategy and technical capability.

Flexible multichannel electrode arrays (fMEAs) with multiple filaments can be flexibly implanted in various patterns. It is necessary to develop a method for implanting the fMEA in different locations and at various depths based on the recording demands. This study proposed a strategy for reducing the microelectrode volume with integrated packaging. An implantation system was developed specifically for semiautomatic distributed implantation. The feasibility and convenience of the fMEA and implantation platform were verified in rodents. The acute and chronic recording results provied the effectiveness of the packaging and implantation methods. These methods could provide a novel strategy for developing fMEAs with more filaments and recording sites to measure functional interactions across multiple brain regions.

A new method based on coordination polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) derived from nucleotides and Tb 3+ ions (GMP/Tb) for the selective and sensitive determination of aqueous 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) (picric acid) is established. The fluorescence of GMP/Tb nanoparticles is effectively quenched by TNP via photo-induced charge transfer (PCT), thus achieving its selectivity toward TNP over other nitroaromatic explosives. The decreased fluorescence of GMP/Tb shows a good linear relationship to the concentrations of TNP ranging from 5.0 to 40.0 μM, and the limit of detection is 26.0 nM (5.96 ppb). The proposed GMP/Tb probe also achieves satisfactory results in real samples. The obtained recoveries of this method in river water samples are in the range 93.15–106.10%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) are 0.57 to 1.01% based on three repeated determinations. This fabricated detector provides a feasible path for determination of ppb-level TNP in natural water samples, which can help humans to avoid TNP-contaminated drinking water. Graphical abstract

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to be detrimental in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) because of its involvement in driving cytokine storm. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of anti-IL-6 signaling (anti-IL6/IL-6R/JAK) agents on COVID-19 based on the current evidence. Methods: Studies were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane library, ongoing clinical trial registries ( clinicaltrials.gov ), and preprint servers (medRxiv, ChinaXiv) on August 10, 2020, as well as eligibility checks according to predefined selection criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager (version 5.3) and STATA 12.0. Results: Thirty-one studies were included in the pooled analysis of mortality, and 12 studies were identified for the analysis of risk of secondary infections. For mortality analysis, 5630 COVID-19 cases including 2,132 treated patients and 3,498 controls were analyzed. Anti-IL-6 signaling agents plus standard of care (SOC) significantly decreased the mortality rate compared to SOC alone (pooled OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.45–0.84, p = 0.002). For the analysis of secondary infection risk, 1,624 patients with COVID-19 including 639 treated patients and 985 controls were included, showing that anti-IL-6 signaling agents did not increase the rate of secondary infections (pooled OR = 1.21, 95% CI 0.70–2.08, p = 0.50). By contrast, for patients with critical COVID-19 disease, anti-IL-6 signaling agents failed to reduce mortality compared to SOC alone (pooled OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.42–1.33, p = 0.33), but they tended to increase the risk of secondary infections (pooled OR = 1.85, 95% CI 0.95–3.61, p = 0.07). A blockade of IL-6 signaling failed to reduce the mechanical ventilation rate, ICU admission rate, or elevate the clinical improvement rate. Conclusion: IL-6 signaling inhibitors reduced the mortality rate without increasing secondary infections in patients with COVID-19 based on current studies. For patients with critical disease, IL-6 signaling inhibitors did not exhibit any benefit.

To measure the warp and weft densities of high-tightness fabrics, an efficient inspection method utilizing a novel density–texture formulation is developed. The density–texture relationship of twill and satin weaves is analyzed, and a formulation based on the weft and wale densities is developed and applied to calculate the warp density. In the experiment, the weft and wale densities are detected using a projection method on separately acquired transmittance images, and the warp density is calculated using the density–texture formulation. Experimental results proved that the proposed method is effective for measuring yarn densities of high-tightness fabrics with twill and satin weaves under realistic production conditions and can satisfy the requirement for production practice.

Backgrounds Abdominal obesity has been linked to risk of mortality, but whether and how trajectory of waist circumstance (WC) underpins this association remains unclear. The study aimed to identify long-term WC change trajectories and examine their association and joint effect with body mass index (BMI) on mortality among Chinese older adults. Methods This present study included participants 60 years of age or older from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2015. The duration of follow-up was defined as period from the first to latest visit date attended with information on mortality, end of follow-up, or loss to follow-up (censoring). Latent class trajectory analysis (LCTA) was used to assess the changes of WC trajectories overtime. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence internal (CIs) for mortality. Results A total of 2601 participants with 8700 visits were included, and 562 mortality (21.6%) occurred during a median follow-up of 8.7 years. Using a group-based modeling approach, four distinct trajectories of WC change among Chinese older adults were identified as loss (13.5%), stable (46.8%), moderate gain (31.2%) and substantial gain (8.5%). With WC stable group as reference, the multivariable adjusted HRs for mortality were 1.34(95%CI:1.01-1.78) in loss group, 1.13(0.91-1.41) in moderate gain and 1.54(1.12-2.12) in substantial gain group. Compared with participants with normal BMI at baseline and maintained WC stable, the risk of mortality generally increased for all WC change group in initial overweight/obesity individuals, and the highest risk were observed for WC loss and stable pattern (HR:2.43, 95%CI: 1.41–4.19; HR:1.67 (1.07–2.60)). Conclusions In older Chinese, both long-term WC loss and substantial gain conferred excess risk for mortality. The baseline BMI might modify the effect as overweight individuals had a greater risk imposed by WC loss than those in normal weight. Maintaining stable WC and normal weight might be necessary to reduce the risk of mortality.