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The genome is organized within the nucleus as three-dimensional domains that modulate DNA-templated processes. Bintu et al. used high-throughput Oligopaint labeling and imaging to observe chromatin dynamics inside the nuclei of several different mammalian cell lines. After combining the datasets, single-cell matrices revealed chromatin arranged in topologically associating domains (TADs). Removing cohesin resulted in a loss of aggregate TADs among populations of cells, but specific TADs were still detected at the single-cell level. Furthermore, higher-order organization was detected, suggestive of cooperative interactions within the genome. Science , this issue p. eaau1783 Chromatin imaging reveals topologically associating domain–like structures with spatially segregated conformations. The spatial organization of chromatin is pivotal for regulating genome functions. We report an imaging method for tracing chromatin organization with kilobase- and nanometer-scale resolution, unveiling chromatin conformation across topologically associating domains (TADs) in thousands of individual cells. Our imaging data revealed TAD-like structures with globular conformation and sharp domain boundaries in single cells. The boundaries varied from cell to cell, occurring with nonzero probabilities at all genomic positions but preferentially at CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)- and cohesin-binding sites. Notably, cohesin depletion, which abolished TADs at the population-average level, did not diminish TAD-like structures in single cells but eliminated preferential domain boundary positions. Moreover, we observed widespread, cooperative, multiway chromatin interactions, which remained after cohesin depletion. These results provide critical insight into the mechanisms underlying chromatin domain and hub formation.

The lobula giant movement detector (LGMD) is the movement-sensitive, wide-field visual neuron positioned in the third visual neuropile of lobula. LGMD neuron can anticipate collision and trigger avoidance efficiently owing to the earlier occurring firing peak before collision. Vision chips inspired by the LGMD have been successfully implemented in very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) system. However, transistor-based chips and single devices to simulate LGMD neurons make them bulky, energy-inefficient and complicated. The devices with relatively compact structure and simple operation mode to mimic the escape response of LGMD neuron have not been realized yet. Here, the artificial LGMD visual neuron is implemented using light-mediated threshold switching memristor. The non-monotonic response to light flow field originated from the formation and break of Ag conductive filaments is analogue to the escape response of LGMD neuron. Furthermore, robot navigation with obstacle avoidance capability and biomimetic compound eyes with wide field-of-view (FoV) detection capability are demonstrated. Development of real-time sensing capability in artificial vision system requires an integration that allow sensing, computation, and storage, whilst remain energy efficient and compact. Here, the authors mimic the lobula giant movement detector to achieve this objective via light-mediated threshold switching memristor.

The proliferation of trajectory data in various application domains has inspired tremendous research efforts to analyze large-scale trajectory data from a variety of aspects. A fundamental ingredient of these trajectory analysis tasks and applications is distance measures for effectively determining how similar two trajectories are. We conduct a comprehensive survey of the trajectory distance measures. The trajectory distance measures are classified into four categories according to the trajectory data type and whether the temporal information is measured. In addition, the effectiveness and complexity of each distance measure are studied. The experimental study is also conducted on their effectiveness in the six different trajectory transformations.

The spatial organization of chromatin critically affects genome function. Recent chromosome-conformation-capture studies have revealed topologically associating domains (TADs) as a conserved feature of chromatin organization, but how TADs are spatially organized in individual chromosomes remains unknown. Here, we developed an imaging method for mapping the spatial positions of numerous genomic regions along individual chromosomes and traced the positions of TADs in human interphase autosomes and X chromosomes. We observed that chromosome folding deviates from the ideal fractal-globule model at large length scales and that TADs are largely organized into two compartments spatially arranged in a polarized manner in individual chromosomes. Active and inactive X chromosomes adopt different folding and compartmentalization configurations. These results suggest that the spatial organization of chromatin domains can change in response to regulation.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new type of coronavirus that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been the most challenging pandemic in this century. Considering its high mortality and rapid spread, an effective vaccine is urgently needed to control this pandemic. As a result, the academia, industry, and government sectors are working tightly together to develop and test a variety of vaccines at an unprecedented pace. In this review, we outline the essential coronavirus biological characteristics that are important for vaccine design. In addition, we summarize key takeaways from previous vaccination studies of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), highlighting the pros and cons of each immunization strategy. Finally, based on these prior vaccination experiences, we discuss recent progress and potential challenges of COVID-19 vaccine development.

It is so important to predict electric fields in advance before designing electrical devices or electronic products. In general, an electric field for an electric device to be designed is usually calculated using a commercial numerical analysis program. However, numerical analysis programs are very expensive, require high specifications for computers, and are also insufficient to have a physical understanding of the trends in electric fields. Therefore, in this paper, the electric field is obtained using the derived analytical equation using Heaviside unit-step function about the discontinuity of dielectric constants especially in the structure of the inclined dielectric media because of the discontinuity about the dielectric constants at the interface where two dielectric materials meet. Finally, the analytical method-based results are compared with the numerical analysis results and verified.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most severe public health challenge in this century. Two years after its emergence, the rapid development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines have successfully controlled this pandemic and greatly reduced the risk of severe illness and death associated with COVID-19. However, due to its ability to rapidly evolve, the SARS-CoV-2 virus may never be eradicated, and there are many important new topics to work on if we need to live with this virus for a long time. To this end, we hope to provide essential knowledge for researchers who work on the improvement of future COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, we provided an up-to-date summary for current COVID-19 vaccines, discussed the biological basis and clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants, and analyzed the effectiveness of various vaccine booster regimens against different SARS-CoV-2 strains. Additionally, we reviewed potential mechanisms of vaccine-induced severe adverse events, summarized current studies regarding immune correlates of protection, and finally, discussed the development of next-generation vaccines.

BackgroundWe investigated the prevalence and mechanisms of neurological deterioration after endovascular thrombectomy.MethodsBetween January 2011 and October 2017, acute ischemic stroke patients treated by endovascular thrombectomy in a tertiary university hospital were included. Early neurological deterioration (END) was defined as an increase of 2 or more National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) compared to the best neurological status after stroke within 7 days. The END mechanism was categorized into ischemia progression, symptomatic hemorrhage, and brain edema.ResultsA total of 125 acute ischemic stroke patients received endovascular thrombectomy. Neurological deterioration was detected in 44 patients, and 38 cases (86.4% of END) occurred within 72 h. The END mechanism included 20 ischemia progression, 16 brain edema and 8 hemorrhagic transformation cases. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the patients who experienced END were more likely to have poor functional outcome defined as modified Rankin scale 3–6 at 90 days than neurologically stable patients (odds ratio (OR) = 4.06, confidence interval (CI) = 1.39–11.9). The risk factor of END due to ischemia progression was stroke subtype of large artery atherosclerosis (OR = 6.28, CI = 1.79–22.0). Successful recanalization (OR = 0.11, CI = 0.03–0.39) and NIHSS after endovascular thrombectomy (OR = 1.15 per one-point increase, CI = 1.06–1.24) were significantly associated with END due to hemorrhage or brain edema.ConclusionNeurological deterioration frequently occurs after endovascular thrombectomy, and the risk factors of END differ according to the mechanism of END.

Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element for the growth of phytoplankton in the ocean. Humic substances (HSs) are key components of dissolved Fe-binding organic ligands (Lt). Both Lt and HSs are widely accepted to regulate the distribution of dissolved iron (DFe) and influence its availability to marine phytoplankton and other organisms. This paper provides a concise overview of the historical progression of DFe determination and its speciation, including Lt and HSs, using electrochemical methods. It also reviews applications of these methods in examining the effects of HSs on DFe, drawing from spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry data. Electrochemical techniques can measure the concentrations of HSs and the binding capacity of DFe, offering valuable insights into the role of HSs on DFe in marine settings. Spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry allow for detailed characterization of the structure, properties, and types of organic ligands and HSs. These methodologies have enhanced our understanding of Lt and HSs, whether of marine or terrestrial origin, as significant ligands for DFe, influencing its concentration, distribution, and circulation. Future research should delve deeper into the mechanisms and chemical properties of Fe complexation with organic matter. Additionally, the impact of various factors on HSs complexes in relation to DFe warrants further exploration, benefiting from synchronous analysis using multiple detection methods. Such advancements would offer crucial insights into the biogeochemical cycling of Fe and enhance various research domains.

The purpose of this study was to investigate dose evaluation depending on dose range using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSLD) and evaluate the possibility of high dose evaluation. This study investigated a commercial OSLD and used a Co-60 gamma irradiator for irradiation. The OSLDs (N = 26) were sampled in total OSLDs (N = 46) depending on the radiation sensitivity for this study. After irradiating doses from 0.5 to 40 Gy at fixed intervals in a standard environment, the dose response of a reference OSLD (N = 5) was determined through the reading process at each dose. The dose-response curves obtained from the reference OSLD were fitted according to the dose. In the dose range below 3 Gy, a linear function was used to determine the relationship between dose and the OSLD response. Quadratic and cubic functions were applied for dose ranges of up to 15 Gy and 40 Gy, respectively. Test OSLDs (N = 21) were evaluated at various doses (2.5 to 30 Gy) using different fitting functions, according to dose ranges. When doses from 0.5 Gy to 3.0 Gy were curve-fitted to the linear function, the relationship was y = 70278.0 x − 3125.3 (r 2 = 0.999). When doses of up to 15 Gy were curve-fitted to the quadratic function, the relationship was y = 628.6 x 2 + 70444.6 x − 6142.3 (r 2 = 0.999). Furthermore, when doses of up to 40 Gy were curve-fitted to the cubic function, the relation was y = −15.5 x 3 + 527.3 x 2 + 75059.6 x − 16260.3 (r 2 = 0.998). Test OSLDs were evaluated for various dose ranges based on the above equation. It was confirmed that the average difference was 0.86 ± 0.27%, and it was evaluated that the largest difference occurred at 30 Gy (2.24 ± 0.24%). In this study, we prove that measurements using the OSLD at various dose ranges, including high doses, will be possible through the application of an in-house software program and a correction process.