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Prohibiting deep oxidation remains a challenging task in oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkane since the targeted alkene is more reactive than parent substrate. Here we tailor dual active sites to isolate dehydrogenation and oxidation instead of homogeneously active sites responsible for these two steps leading to consecutive oxidation of alkene. The introduction of HY zeolite with acid sites, three-dimensional pore structure and supercages gives rise to Ni 2+ Lewis acid sites (LAS) and NiO nanoclusters confined in framework wherein catalytic dehydrogenation of ethane occurs on Ni 2+ LAS resulting in the formation of ethene and hydrogen while NiO nanoclusters with decreased oxygen reactivity are responsible for selective oxidation of hydrogen rather than over-oxidizing ethene. Such tailored strategy achieves near 100% ethene selectivity and constitutes a promising basis for highly selective oxidation catalysis beyond oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkane. It is important but challenging to prohibit deep oxidation of alkene in oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkane. Here, dual active sites are tailored to isolate dehydrogenation and oxidation thus achieving superior ethene selectivity.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by myelin damage and neurodegeneration. This study focuses on the role of the TRIM37-PEX5 axis in regulating oxidative stress in oligodendrocytes and myelin repair, exploring its potential as a novel therapeutic target for MS. Through bioinformatics analysis, TRIM37 was found to be significantly downregulated in MS patients. In vitro experiments demonstrated that overexpression TRIM37 could stabilize PEX5 protein via non-degradative monoubiquitination, thereby maintaining peroxisomal metabolic function, reducing oxidative stress levels, significantly decreasing apoptosis in both oligodendrocytes and neurons, and promoting the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP). Further mechanistic studies revealed that the TRIM37-PEX5 axis mitigates apoptosis in oligodendrocytes by regulating oxidative stress levels. in vivo experiments further confirmed the neurorestorative effects of TRIM37. In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, overexpression TRIM37 significantly suppressed neuroinflammation mediated by microglia, reduced the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and alleviated demyelination lesions (as evidenced by reduced myelin damage shown by Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining, P  < 0.001), while simultaneously increasing MBP expression levels ( P  < 0.001). In conclusion, targeting the TRIM37-PEX5 axis holds promise as a novel strategy for improving myelin damage and providing neuroprotection in MS, offering a theoretical basis for interventions in metabolism-oxidative stress-related diseases.

Ageism represents a significant international challenge within the field of gerontology, but the concept of respectful ageism is a phenomenon unique to China. This study explores the mechanisms through which ageism is produced and subsequently transformed into respectful ageism. It specifically focuses on the implementation of the home-based care bed policy as a case study, grounded in Merton's theory of social structure and anomie. The study revealed that grassroots policy implementers, confronted with the interplay of institutionalized means and cultural goals, adopted a behavioral strategy characterized by ritualism. This approach facilitated the production mechanism of ageism, aligning seamlessly with the theoretical framework of social structure and anomie. However, owing to the influence of cultural traditions on individual behavioral reproduction, grassroots policy implementers undergo two additional processes: cultural retrospection and individual rethinking. These processes emerge after the formation of ageism and contribute to the transformation of ageism into respectful ageism. These findings elucidate the production mechanisms of ageism and the transformative processes that characterize respectful ageism, a phenomenon specific to China. The theoretical contribution of this research is that the individual behavioral strategies derived from social structure and anomie theory, within the Chinese context, are not merely outcomes of individual choice. Rather, the individual behavioral reproduction influenced by cultural traditions gives rise to new behavioral mechanisms among grassroots policy implementers. This research enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of respectful ageism within the Chinese context and illustrates the innovative impact of cultural traditions on the reproduction of individual behaviors.

Aberrant DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in cancer progression by enhancing oncogene activation or silencing tumor suppressor genes, contributing to malignant phenotypes. Methylation driver genes (MDGs) are characterized by an inverse correlation between DNA methylation levels and mRNA expression, making them critical targets for cancer research. We analyzed the liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) using the R package MethylMix to identify MDGs. Prognostic models were developed through univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and multivariate Cox regression to identify core genes. We further evaluated the associations of these genes with the tumor immune microenvironment, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and chemotherapeutic sensitivity. Finally, liver cancer tissue organoid culture experiments combined with DNA methylation sequencing were conducted to validate predictions of drug sensitivity. A total of 21 MDGs were identified, among which GNA14, glutaminase (GLS), and GNG4 were selected to construct a prognostic risk score model. The model demonstrated robust predictive performance, with Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) values of 0.723, 0.764, and 0.716 for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival, respectively. Among these, GLS emerged as a key gene, showing low methylation levels and high mRNA expression, which were associated with poor prognosis, significant alterations in the tumor immune microenvironment, and differential sensitivity to ICIs and chemotherapeutic agents. The three-gene MDG-based prognostic model effectively predicts survival outcomes in LIHC patients. Moreover, the methylation status of GLS serves as a biomarker for assessing immune microenvironment characteristics, responsiveness to immunotherapy, and chemotherapy sensitivity, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in liver cancer.

Coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) is a disaster that seriously threatens safe production in coal mines. Revealing the mechanism of CSC can provide a theoretical basis for its prevention and control. Compared with experimental research is limited by the complexity of coal molecular structure, the quantum chemical calculation method can simplify the complex molecular structure and realize the exploration of the mechanism of CSC from the micro level. In this study, toluene and phenylacetaldehyde were used as model compounds, and the quantum chemical calculation method was adopted. The reaction processes of the methyl and aldehyde groups with oxygen were investigated with the aid of the Gaussian 09 software, using the B3LYP functional and the 6-311 + G(d,p) basis set and including the D3 dispersion correction. On this basis, the generation mechanisms of CO and CO2, two important indicator gases in the process of CSC, were explored. The calculation results show that the Gibbs free energy changes and enthalpy changes in the two reaction systems are both of negative values. Accordingly, it is judged that the reactions belong to spontaneous exothermic reactions. In the reaction processes, the activation energy of CO is less than that of CO2, indicating that CO is formed more easily in the above-two reaction processes. In addition, the variations in concentrations of important oxidation products (CO and CO2) and main active functional groups (such as methyl, carboxyl and carbonyl) with temperature were revealed through a low-temperature oxidation experiment. The experimental results verify the accuracy of the above quantum chemical reaction path. Moreover, it is also found that the generation mechanisms of CO and CO2 in coal samples with different metamorphic degrees are different. To be specific, for low-rank coal (HYH), CO and CO2 mainly come from the oxidation of alkyl side chains; for high-rank coal (CQ), CO is produced by the oxidation of alkyl side chains, and CO2 is attributed to the inherent oxygen-containing structure.

This paper introduces social network analysis (SNA) to investigate retrofitting supply chains. It tests the approach by studying those undertaking whole-house retrofit of social housing in a case study city. Network visualisations and metrics including network density (overall connectedness), in-degree centrality (support needed to complete a task) and closeness centrality (speed of access to information) are used to compare how communication varies through different retrofit stages. The preliminary results indicate high density networks and strong ties amongst project leaders (the local authority and tier-one contractors), indicating the transfer of tacit, complex information. These project leaders retain a high closeness centrality throughout the retrofitting process, but there is uneven communication, with subcontractors experiencing infrequent communication and connection only to tier-one contractors. This does not necessarily hinder project success, but may indicate missed opportunities for shared learning. Further, as a quantitative mapping technique, SNA alone does not provide insight into the nature of the interactions taking place. The approach introduced here can be strengthened by incorporating analysis of the types of information exchanged and detailed qualitative insight into participants’ experiences of communication throughout a single retrofitting project. Practice relevance This paper develops an SNA approach to map the organisations involved in whole-house retrofitting in the social housing sector. The findings illustrate how patterns of communication change throughout the retrofitting process. The data show close collaboration between the project managers and tier-one contractors at the beginning (project definition) and end (commissioning and monitoring) of the retrofitting project. Tier-one contractors retain closeness to contractors during physical install, but the overall network is dispersed for this stage. For practitioners such as retrofitting project managers, the method can be used to understand how supply chains are coalescing under the PAS2035 standard, and indicate potential points where communication with and amongst contractors could be developed. The method could be powerfully combined with the evaluation of retrofitting outcomes to understand which types of supply chain structure are most effective in delivering successful retrofit.

As a new type of energy storage device, supercapacitors have the advantages of high-power densities, high safety factors, and low maintenance costs, so they have attracted widespread attention among researchers. However, a major problem with supercapacitors is that their energy densities are not high enough, which limits their application. Therefore, it is crucial to expand the application scenarios of supercapacitors to increase their energy density as much as possible without diminishing their advantages. The classification and working principles of supercapacitors are introduced in this paper. The electrochemical properties of pure NiS materials, NiS composites with carbon materials, NiS composites with sulfide materials, and NiS composites with transition metal oxides for supercapacitors are summarized. This paper may assist in the design of new electrode materials for NiS-based supercapacitors.

Background This study focused on the aging mechanism and degradation of mechanical and structural features of elastodontic appliances (EA) under artificial and intraoral aging to achieve oral myofunctional therapy with particular removable silicone elastomer devices. Materials and methods EAs artificially aged in saliva with different pH values were investigated through cyclic compression testing along with characterization techniques (Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and characterization analysis was also performed on clinically retrieved EAs. Results Artificial aging was found to have minimal effect on the structural properties of EAs, and intraorally aged samples showed perceptible micro-morphology. The Mullins index and peak stress decreased ( P <0.01), while the compression set increased with prolonged aging time. Samples in alkaline saliva showed the largest Mullins effect ( P <0.05). Conclusions The aging mechanism of the elastomer was found to be the crosslinking of main chains and scission of side chains. The presence of OH- enhanced the rupture degree of side bonds. The decline in viscoelastic properties was shown to be more severe with longer service durations. Clinical relevance Research on how the salivary environment and pH affect the aging characteristics of EAs is vital for guiding clinical applications and future modifications to extend their clinical lifetime.

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the major pathogens affecting global soybean yield and quality, and its early and accurate detection is essential for disease warning and precision management. This study proposes a non-invasive early detection method by integrating portable Raman spectroscopy with artificial intelligence algorithms. Raman spectra of leaves from both resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars were collected at different infection stages (0, 2, 4, and 6 days post-inoculation), and preprocessed using Savitzky-Golay (S-G) smoothing and adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares (Air-PLS) baseline correction. Four classification models-1D-CNN, SVM, KNN, and BP-ANN-were developed to classify samples from different infection stages. Spectral feature analysis revealed significant changes in carotenoid levels caused by viral infection, and distinct spectral responses between resistant and susceptible cultivars during disease progression. Among the four classification models, the 1D-CNN model achieved the highest prediction accuracy of 90%. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the Raman spectroscopy-based method significantly advanced the early detection of SMV (SC3) to 4 days post-inoculation, compared to 7-10 days required by conventional methods. This evidences the superior capability of Raman spectroscopy for monitoring the dynamics of SMV infection and its potential to considerably reduce the duration of diagnosis. This study confirms the feasibility and efficiency of Raman spectroscopy combined with deep learning for in situ early detection of plant viral diseases and provides a promising reference for non-destructive diagnosis of early-stage foliar infections.

Purpose: Heart rate variability (HRV) indices have been used as stress indicators. Rare studies investigated the associations of circadian rhythms of the HRV indices with the stress, mood, and sleep conditions in populations under stress. Methods: In total 257 female participants (203 shift workers and 54 non-shift workers) were included. All the participants completed a structured questionnaire to assess the stress, mood, and sleep conditions and performed 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram monitoring on the day away from shifts. Using epochs of 1-min or 5-min beat-to-beat intervals, the HRV indices (SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF, LF/HF, and LFnu, SD1, SD2, SD1/SD2) were plotted as a function of time and fitted into cosine periodic curves, respectively. Three mathematical parameters based on the cosine periodic curves were extracted, MESOR (M, overall averages of the cosine curve), amplitude (A, amplitude of the peak of the cosine curve), and acrophase (9, latency to the peak) to quantify the circadian rhythms of the HRV indices. Multivariable linear regression models were used to reveal the associations of these parameters with the clinical assessments of stress, mood, or sleep conditions, as well as with the 24-h averages of the HRV indices. Results: The parameters M and A of SDNN, RMSSD, LF, and HF, and 9 of LF/HF and LFnu significantly differ between shift and non-shift workers. The parameter 9 of LF/HF positively correlates with the severity of stress and anxiety. The parameter A of LF/HF and LFnu also positively correlates with daytime sleepiness and sleep fragmentation. In addition, the parameters M and A instead of 9 of SDNN, RMSSD, LF, LF/HF, and LFnu significantly correlate with the 24-h averages of HRV indices. Conclusion: The circadian rhythms of the HRV indices over 24 hours can, to some extent, predict the severity of stress, emotion and sleep conditions in female populations under stress. Keywords: circadian rhythms, HRV indices, mental health, stress, sleepiness, fatigue, sleep fragmentation