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A new spherical harmonic solution of the lunar gravity field to degree and order 100, called SGM100h, has been developed using historical tracking data and 14.2 months of SELENE tracking data (from 20 October 2007 to 26 December 2008 plus 30 January 2009). The latter includes all usable 4‐way Doppler data collected which allowed direct observations of the farside gravity field for the first time. The new model successfully reveals farside features in free‐air gravity anomalies which are characterized by ring‐shaped structures for large impact basins and negative spots for large craters. SGM100h produces a correlation with SELENE‐derived topography as high as about 0.9, through degree 70. Comparison between SGM100h and LP100K (one of the pre‐SELENE models) shows that the large gravity errors which existed in LP100K are drastically reduced and the asymmetric error distribution between the nearside and the farside almost disappears. The gravity anomaly errors predicted from the error covariance, through degree and order 100, are 26 mGal and 35 mGal for the nearside and the farside, respectively. Owing to the 4‐way Doppler measurements the gravity coefficients below degree and order 70 are now determined by real observations with contribution factors larger than 80 percent. With the SELENE farside data coverage, it is possible to estimate the gravity field to degree and order 70 without applying any a priori constraint or regularization. SGM100h can be used for global geophysical interpretation through degree and order 70.

Pig cloning will have a marked impact on the optimization of meat production and xenotransplantation. To clone pigs from differentiated cells, we microinjected the nuclei of porcine (Sus scrofa) fetal fibroblasts into enucleated oocytes, and development was induced by electroactivation. The transfer of 110 cloned embryos to four surrogate mothers produced an apparently normal female piglet. The clonal provenance of the piglet was indicated by her coat color and confirmed by DNA microsatellite analysis.

A lunar gravity field model up to degree and order 100 in spherical harmonics, named SGM100i, has been determined from SELENE and historical tracking data, with an emphasis on using same-beam S-band differential VLBI data obtained in the SELENE mission between January 2008 and February 2009. Orbit consistency throughout the entire mission period of SELENE as determined from orbit overlaps for the two sub-satellites of SELENE involved in the VLBI tracking improved consistently from several hundreds of metres to several tens of metres by including differential VLBI data. Through orbits that are better determined, the gravity field model is also improved by including these data. Orbit determination performance for the new model shows improvements over earlier 100th degree and order models, especially for edge-on orbits over the deep far side. Lunar Prospector orbit determination shows an improvement of orbit consistency from 1-day predictions for 2-day arcs of 6 m in a total sense, with most improvement in the along and cross-track directions. Data fit for the types and satellites involved is also improved. Formal errors for the lower degrees are smaller, and the new model also shows increased correlations with topography over the far side. The estimated value for the lunar GM for this model equals 4902.80080±0.0009 km 3 /s 2 (10 sigma). The lunar degree 2 potential Love number k 2 was also estimated, and has a value of 0.0255 ± 0.0016 (10 sigma as well).

We propose an attitude control system for a telescope utilizing an inverted pendulum. We put a tube with a sharp bottom end on an XY linear translation stage, and surround the top by a ring with 4 pressure gauges inside. We made experiments with a device composed of an inverted pendulum which can move only in one direction. The device is composed of a tube with a conical bottom, a linear translation stage, a monitoring tilt meter, supporting springs, a laser displacement sensor and a frame. The laser displacement sensor which is substitution of pressure gauges measured extension/contraction of the springs between the tube and the frame. We have succeeded in keeping it vertical with the accuracy of better than 1 arc sec.

The electron density distribution in the vicinity of the lunar surface was explored with the radio occultation technique using a subsatellite on the SELENE mission. Although the measurements suffer from contamination by the terrestrial ionosphere and interplanetary plasma, an analysis of more than 300 measurements provides adequate statistics and reveals a general trend. The result suggests that a dense ionosphere covering the whole sunlit side, as suggested by the radio occultation measurements on the Soviet Luna 19 and 22 missions, does not exist. However, weak signatures of electron density enhancement with densities on the order of 100 cm−3 are observed below 30 km altitude at solar zenith angles less than 60°. The statistically averaged density reaches a peak at around 15 km altitude and decreases gradually at higher altitudes and toward the surface. Although the suggested electron layer is thinner and less extended horizontally than that reported by Luna 19 and 22, the existence of such an ionized layer is still difficult to explain by conventional ionosphere generation mechanisms. An alternative source of electrons may be required. Key Points Electron density near the lunar surface was measured by radio occultation Repeated observations revealed the dependence on the solar zenith angle Weak signature of density enhancement was observed near sub‐solar region

During the SELENE (Kaguya) mission the dual‐spacecraft radio occultation technique was used to investigate the electron population in the vicinity of the lunar surface. One pair of coherent S‐band radio signals from one spacecraft was used to probe the possible electron density enhancement near the Moon, and another signal pair from the other spacecraft measured the solar wind and the terrestrial ionosphere plasma fluctuations, which also exist in the measurement by the former signal pair. The results suggest that any stable ionosphere with densities comparable to the ones observed by the Soviet Luna 19 and 22 missions does not exist near the terminator at high latitudes, although the occurrence of temporal or localized density enhancements cannot be ruled out. Key Points We measured the electron density around the moon by the dual‐spacecraft method Dual‐spacecraft technique can remove the effects of the earth ionosphere Lunar ionosphere can appear temporally, which is associated with the lunar dust

Early reperfusion therapy improves the clinical outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but benefits are limited by reperfusion injury in some patients. We examined the effect of nicorandil, a hybrid of K ATP channel opener and nicotinamide nitrate, on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and clinical outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for AMI. Fifty-eight patients with AMI were randomized into control (n = 25) and nicorandil pretreatment groups (n = 33). In the nicorandil group, nicorandil (4 mg as a bolus injection followed by constant infusion at 8 mg/hour for 24 hours) was administered just after admission. ROS formation was assessed by measuring urinary excretion of 8-epi-prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α) and compared between the 2 groups. Cardiac function and the incidence of reperfusion injury and cardiac events were also compared. Urinary 8-epi-PGF 2α excretion was increased 2-fold at 60 to 90 minutes after PCI in the control group, whereas it was unchanged after PCI in the nicorandil group ( P < .0001 between the 2 groups). The incidence of no-reflow phenomenon was lower in the nicorandil group than in the control group. Left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac index at 6 months were greater in the nicorandil group than in controls. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide level at 6 months was lower in the nicorandil group. Incidences of inhospital cardiac events and rehospitalization were lower in the nicorandil group than in controls. Nicorandil improves cardiac function and clinical outcomes in patients with AMI. Suppression of ROS formation may be involved in the mechanism.

We propose an attitude control method of a telescope using an inverted pendulum. A cylindrical telescope tube with a sharp bottom end is put on a motorized XY linear stage. The upper edge of the tube is supported by 4 pressure sensors. When the tube begins to deviate from the vertical, torque arises to try to throw down the tube. Then, the pressure sensors detect the stress and the XY linear stage displaces the bottom of the tube so as to make the stress zero. Sensitivity to the verticality or stress intensity acting on pressure gauges does not depend on the size of the tube but on the mass. This character is advantageous to miniaturization.

Same beam very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the two subsatellites of SELENE (KAGUYA) are demonstrated for purpose of the precise gravimetry of the Moon. Same beam VLBI contributes a great deal to cancel out the tropospheric and ionospheric delays and to determine the absolute value of the cycle ambiguity by using the multifrequency VLBI method. As a result, the differential phase delay of the X‐band signal is estimated within an error of below 1 ps. This accuracy is more than 1 order of magnitude smaller than former VLBI results. The preliminary results for the orbit determination of the subsatellites show a decrease of the orbit error from a few hundreds of meters to around 10 m when the differential phase delay data are added to the conventional range and Doppler data. These results reveal the possibility of precise gravimetry.