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Short stature, defined as height for age more than 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the population median, is an important indicator of child health. Short stature (often termed stunting) has been widely researched in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but less is known about the extent and burden in high-income settings. We aimed to map the prevalence of short stature in children aged 4-5 years in England between 2006 and 2019. We used data from the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) for the school years 2006-2007 to 2018-2019. All children attending state-maintained primary schools in England are invited to participate in the NCMP, and heights from a total of 7,062,071 children aged 4-5 years were analysed. We assessed short stature, defined as a height-for-age standard deviation score (SDS) below -2 using the United Kingdom WHO references, by sex, index of multiple deprivation (IMD), ethnicity, and region. Geographic clustering of short stature was analysed using spatial analysis in SaTScan. The prevalence of short stature in England was 1.93% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92-1.94). Ethnicity adjusted spatial analyses showed geographic heterogeneity of short stature, with high prevalence clusters more likely in the North and Midlands, leading to 4-fold variation between local authorities (LAs) with highest and lowest prevalence of short stature. Short stature was linearly associated with IMD, with almost 2-fold higher prevalence in the most compared with least deprived decile (2.56% (2.53-2.59) vs. 1.38% (1.35-1.41)). There was ethnic heterogeneity: Short stature prevalence was lowest in Black children (0.64% (0.61-0.67)) and highest in Indian children (2.52% (2.45-2.60)) and children in other ethnic categories (2.57% (2.51-2.64)). Girls were more likely to have short stature than boys (2.09% (2.07-2.10) vs. 1.77% (1.76-1.78), respectively). Short stature prevalence declined over time, from 2.03% (2.01-2.05) in 2006-2010 to 1.82% (1.80-1.84) in 2016-2019. Short stature declined at all levels of area deprivation, with faster declines in more deprived areas, but disparities by IMD quintile were persistent. This study was conducted cross-sectionally at an area level, and, therefore, we cannot make any inferences about the individual causes of short stature. In this study, we observed a clear social gradient and striking regional variation in short stature across England, including a North-South divide. These findings provide impetus for further investigation into potential socioeconomic influences on height and the factors underlying regional variation.

BackgroundInternational evidence shows that severe paediatric obesity results in an increased risk of ill health and may require specialised weight management strategies, yet there remains a lack of data on the extent of the problem.ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence of severe obesity in children aged 4–5 and 10–11 years, attending English schools between 2006/2007 and 2012/2013.DesignA retrospective analysis of National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) data.SettingMaintained schools in England.ParticipantsAll children aged 4–5 and 10–11 years included in the NCMP dataset.Main outcome measuresPrevalence of severe childhood obesity, defined using the 99.6th centile of the British 1990 (UK90) growth reference for body mass index (BMI), analysed by sex, geography, ethnic group and deprivation.ResultsThe key findings show that in 2012/2013, severe obesity (BMI ≥UK90 99.6th centile) was found in 1.9% of girls and 2.3% of boys aged 4–5 years, and 2.9% of girls and 3.9% of boys aged 10–11 years. Severe obesity prevalence varies geographically and is more prevalent in children from deprived areas, and among those from black ethnic groups.ConclusionsThe findings from this study should help to raise awareness of the prevalence of severe obesity and support the provision of adequate treatment and prevention services both to support children who are already severely obese and reduce the prevalence of extreme weight in the future.

ObjectiveShort stature is associated with increased risk of ill health and mortality and can negatively impact on an individual's economic opportunity and psychological well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between height and area-level deprivation by ethnic group in children in England.DesignCross-sectional analysis of data gathered from the National Child Measurement Programme 2008/2009 to 2012/2013.Participants/methodsChildren (n=1 213 230) aged 4–5 and 10–11 years attending state-maintained primary schools in England. Mean height SD score (SDS) (based on the British 1990 growth reference) was calculated for children by Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index as a measure of area-level deprivation. Analyses were performed by sex and age group for white British, Asian and black ethnicities.ResultsFor white British children mean height decreased 0.2 SDS between the least and the most deprived quintile. For Asian children the relationship was weaker and varied between 0.08 and 0.18 SDS. For white British boys the magnitude of association was similar across age groups; for Asian boys the magnitude was higher in the age group of 10–11 years and in white British girls aged 10–11 years the association decreased. Height SDS was similar across all levels of deprivation for black children.ConclusionsSocial inequalities were shown in the height of children from white British and Asian ethnic groups. Further evaluation of height in black children is warranted. Action is needed to reduce inequalities in height by addressing the modifiable negative environmental factors that prevent healthy growth and development of children.

Short stature, defined as height for age more than 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the population median, is an important indicator of child health. Short stature (often termed stunting) has been widely researched in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but less is known about the extent and burden in high-income settings. We aimed to map the prevalence of short stature in children aged 4-5 years in England between 2006 and 2019. We used data from the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) for the school years 2006-2007 to 2018-2019. All children attending state-maintained primary schools in England are invited to participate in the NCMP, and heights from a total of 7,062,071 children aged 4-5 years were analysed. We assessed short stature, defined as a height-for-age standard deviation score (SDS) below -2 using the United Kingdom WHO references, by sex, index of multiple deprivation (IMD), ethnicity, and region. Geographic clustering of short stature was analysed using spatial analysis in SaTScan. The prevalence of short stature in England was 1.93% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92-1.94). Ethnicity adjusted spatial analyses showed geographic heterogeneity of short stature, with high prevalence clusters more likely in the North and Midlands, leading to 4-fold variation between local authorities (LAs) with highest and lowest prevalence of short stature. Short stature was linearly associated with IMD, with almost 2-fold higher prevalence in the most compared with least deprived decile (2.56% (2.53-2.59) vs. 1.38% (1.35-1.41)). There was ethnic heterogeneity: Short stature prevalence was lowest in Black children (0.64% (0.61-0.67)) and highest in Indian children (2.52% (2.45-2.60)) and children in other ethnic categories (2.57% (2.51-2.64)). Girls were more likely to have short stature than boys (2.09% (2.07-2.10) vs. 1.77% (1.76-1.78), respectively). Short stature prevalence declined over time, from 2.03% (2.01-2.05) in 2006-2010 to 1.82% (1.80-1.84) in 2016-2019. Short stature declined at all levels of area deprivation, with faster declines in more deprived areas, but disparities by IMD quintile were persistent. This study was conducted cross-sectionally at an area level, and, therefore, we cannot make any inferences about the individual causes of short stature. In this study, we observed a clear social gradient and striking regional variation in short stature across England, including a North-South divide. These findings provide impetus for further investigation into potential socioeconomic influences on height and the factors underlying regional variation.

BackgroundStunting, defined as height-for-age under 2 standard deviations below the population median, is an important indicator of child health. Stunting has been extensively researched in low-and-middle income countries, but less is known about the extent and burden in high income settings.ObjectivesTo map stunting prevalence in children aged 4–5 years in England between 2006 and 2019.MethodsWe used data from the National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) for the school years 2006/07 to 2018/19. All children attending state-maintained primary schools in England are invited to participate in the NCMP, which has an average response rate of 93%. We used spatial analyses in SatScan to assess geographic clustering of stunting. A total of 7,062,071 children aged 4–5 years were analysed, and a subsample of 5,765,707 children with valid ethnicity and area-level deprivation data were included in adjusted analyses.ResultsThe prevalence of stunting in England was 1.93% (95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.92 to 1.94). Spatial analysis showed geographic heterogeneity in stunting, with high prevalence clusters more likely in the North and Midlands, leading to 4-fold variation between local authorities with highest and lowest stunting prevalence. Girls were more likely to be stunted than boys (2.09% (2.07 to 2.10) vs 1.77% (1.76 to 1.78), respectively). There was ethnic heterogeneity: stunting prevalence was lowest in Black children (0.64% (95%CI: 0.61 to 0.67)) and highest in Indian children (2.52% (2.45 to 2.60) and children in other ethnic categories (2.57% (2.51 to 2.64)). Stunting was linearly associated with IMD, with almost 2-fold higher prevalence in the most compared to least deprived decile (2.56% vs 1.38%; P<0.001). Stunting prevalence declined over time, from 2.03% (95%CI 2.01 to 2.05) in 2006–2010, to 1.82% (1.80 to 1.84) in 2016–2019. Stunting declined at all levels of area-deprivation, with faster declines in more deprived areas, but disparities by IMD quintile were persistent.ConclusionsThere is a clear social gradient and substantial regional variation in stunting across England. Many children in the most deprived areas of the country may be failing to reach their full growth potential.

Annette Messager is one of the world's most renowned contemporary artists, with 'Casino', her French Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, receiving the prestigious Golden Lion award in 2005. She regularly exhibits all over the world, and this month sees the opening of 'motion / emotion' at the Museum of Contemporary Art Australia (MCA), her first major solo exhibition in Australia, a country where her work has been shown since the late 1970s. On the eve of her MCA show, Messager spoke about her long engagement with Australia, and the complexities of translation inherent in her mixed-media practice.

Particularly since the 1960s, the French language has rather uniquely championed the term arts plastique, plastic arts, a term long-abandoned in other languages in favour of alternatives such as visual or fine arts. Because of this, some artists still define themselves as artiste-plasticien as distinct from artiste-peintre. In this vein, Jean-Luc Moulene tends to call himself plasticien, even though photography is the medium for which he first gained recognition in the 1990s. This choice is a revealing move that suggests not only that image-making is just a part of his practice, but that the idea of materials, their manipulation and what they might say about the form of society and the possibility of its transformation is at the core of his work. Moulene's interests lie in the full life of the artwork, in the process, on the one hand, that goes from production to the circulation and reception of the object and its image, and, on the other hand, in the social conditions in which the artist and the labourer operate in the contemporary world.

Lodged in a busy street near one of the main Parisian train stations, Gare du Nord, and the picturesque tourist hub of Montmartre, Galerie Allen was founded in 2013 by the Sydney-born, Paris-based artist Mel O'Callaghan and her graphic designer husband Clemens Habicht together with the formerly Sydneybased independent curator Joseph Allen Shea. They currently collaborate closely with ten artists ranging from emerging to mid-career artists (and including an artist estate), working in all types of media in a rich cross-disciplinary fashion with a conceptual backbone. Performance and video are prominent. Quickly they have built a city-wide reputation as a friendly and serious space committed to quality presentations.

When two families share child care, they save money and gain valuable emotional support.