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Indonesia is experiencing rapid urbanization growth, leading to an increase in slums in the city center. Since 2015, the government has addressed this issue through the KOTAKU program. In Surakarta City, the program encompasses four areas, including eks HP 00001 in Mojo Village, Pasar Kliwon District. Following the implementation of the slum upgrading program, residents began returning to the area in 2022. Over time, modifications to the basic housing infrastructure have been made to enhance the comfort of activities within the homes, a response to adaptation strategies. This study aims to determine the performance of houses within a slum upgrading project after being occupied for two years. The research method used is qualitative rationalistic by taking samples of houses that function with domestic activities and home-based enterprises. The findings reveal physical changes, such as the addition of mezzanine spaces and exterior materials for thermal comfort. These changes are also influenced by the community’s socio-economic and cultural factors, including the incorporation of business spaces. This change presents challenges in accommodating activities within the community. The evaluation can serve as a foundation for formulating policies and recommendations for healthy and comfortable affordable housing units.

Kampung Kemlayan is one of the kampungs with a wealth of historical and cultural heritage. Kemlayan serves as the ‘spirit’ of the traditional art maestros of the Solo Palace. In line with the development of the Gatotsubroto-Ngarsopuro corridor, Kemlayan is proposed to be developed into a tourism kampung that can support and enliven the Gatot Subroto-Ngarsopuro corridor as a public space and a new tourist destination. The community’s attachment to place (place attachment) is necessary to ensure the sustainability of the presented tourism kampung. Several studies conducted in Kampung Kemlayan still need to address the potential of kampungs related to the community’s attachment to the place (place attachment). Therefore, mapping the potential of the community’s attachment to the historical space (place attachment) present in Kemlayan is very important to maximize the kampung’s potential. Observation and in-depth interviews map the community’s attachment to the historical space (place attachment) in Kemlayan. Several historical places have been identified as having place attachment and potential to be developed as tourist destinations. Cultural tourism is a suitable tourism concept for the characteristics of Kampung Kemlayan. The involvement and collaboration of various parties (kampung residents, descendants, and relevant government/stakeholders) are critical factors in realizing a sustainable tourism kampung, thereby preserving the existence of Kampung Kemlayan.

The growing global concern over heat-related health risks, exacerbated by climate change, disproportionately affects low-income populations, particularly in tropical regions like Indonesia. This study investigates indoor thermal conditions in home-based enterprises (HBEs) within the informal urban settlements of Surakarta City, Indonesia, focusing on the struggle for thermal comfort under constrained conditions. By addressing the thermal comfort challenges in low-income urban housing, this research contributes to sustainable development goals, aiming to enhance living conditions in tropical climates. Our methodology included detailed field measurements of thermal comfort using standard indices in these dwellings, complemented by surveys and interviews to understand building designs, occupant behaviors, and adaptation strategies. Findings indicate that temperatures inside the dwellings frequently exceeded 30 °C during 50–60% of working hours, prompting residents to adopt coping strategies such as opening windows, adjusting work schedules, and utilizing shading devices. Space limitations necessitated multifunctional use of dwellings, exacerbating heat and humidity from activities like cooking and ironing. Despite reliance on natural ventilation, ineffective architectural layouts impeded airflow. This study highlights the urgent need for sustainable architectural solutions that accommodate the dual residential and commercial functions of these spaces, aiming to improve living conditions in such challenging environments.

Urban flood risk is one of the frequent disasters in Indonesiancities. It causes the urban vulnerabilities including urban land use, community socio-economic assets, urban infrastructures and buildings. The massive urban land use changes will lead to the increase of flood riskif those changes do not manage properly. In other side, the increase offlood risk is also caused by the land use vulnerability. The assessment ofland use vulnerability on flood risk is an important element to identify theurban socio economic losses. Furthermore, the understanding of land usevulnerability could be an essential aspect for the urban land use plansrelating to the process of urban planning. This study has purpose to assessthe vulnerability of land use on flood risk in Surakarta City. This city hasseveral rivers flowing inside urban areas, and often, the flood occurrencestook place due to overflows of those rivers. This research used thedeductive approach. The data and information provided by the institutionaldocuments, and field observation. The result of the research indicated thatthe hazard level has more influence than the land use vulnerability level inthe calculation of flood risk. Furthermore, it demonstrated that the land usevulnerability level is not certainly linier correlated to the risk level.

Rapid urbanization in developing regions presents a critical challenge to the provision of affordable housing. This systematic review, conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, analyzed 91 studies (2013–2024) from Scopus and Google Scholar to identify cost-effective materials and innovative techniques suitable for the developing context. Findings reveal that achieving affordability in developing regions requires a holistic approach that integrates material innovation with human capacity building. The analysis of critical success factors (CSFs) in the Rumah Unggul Sistem Panel Instant (RUSPIN) system from Indonesia and the Recycled Plastic Formwork (RPF) system from South Africa exemplifies this integration. Both systems show high potential for scalability and technological transfer using local materials and labor training. The review also highlights that materials commonly used in developed countries (e.g., autoclaved aerated concrete, expanded polystyrene, and light steel gauge framing) face adoption barriers in developing regions due to challenges related to supply chains, industry capacity, and regulatory frameworks. Conversely, locally available materials (e.g., earth, bamboo, and recycled waste) require ongoing research to enhance their availability and structural performance. Ultimately, achieving affordable housing depends on an integrated approach that combines locally sourced materials, innovative construction techniques, and the strategic application of critical success factors.

Prolonged exposure to indoor dampness in dwellings triggers excessive mould, causing health problems for residents and damage to building structures. This study investigated dampness and mould growth in low-cost dwellings in the slum districts of Surakarta, Indonesia. A VTT mould growth model predicted mould risk in 17 dwellings by employing a set of time-series data of indoor air temperature and relative humidity (RH). Interviews were conducted with 11 houses to understand the residents’ perceptions and lifestyles related to mould risk. The daily average dampness (RH > 80%) ranged from 2.2 to 12.3 h. Low-cost dwellings with plywood board walls had a high risk of cumulative mould growth. Statistical correlation analysis revealed that volumetric heat capacity was significantly positively correlated with mould growth at higher percentiles (75th and 97.5th). Thus, dwellings with smaller volumes and plywood board walls were more susceptible to moulding. Moreover, the majority of the participants expressed dissatisfaction with indoor air quality owing to the presence of unpleasant odours from sewage and dampness, which coincided with their perception of inadequate air ventilation. This study provides a reference for developing standard guidelines for building and upgrading dwellings in Indonesia, focusing on assessing and mitigating mould risks and ensuring moisture safety.

Rapid urbanization has led to significant demographic shifts and environmental challenges worldwide, with a growing portion of the urban population living in slums. This study investigates the impact of an urban slum upgrading program on pro-environmental behaviors and health-oriented mindsets among residents in Surakarta City, Indonesia. Specifically, it aims to reveal how pro-environmental behaviors, house satisfaction, health-oriented behaviors, and sustainability beliefs manifest within this unique socio-cultural setting. A representative survey was conducted among 327 residents of newly renovated urban slum housing. Additionally, cluster analysis with the Silhouette method was performed to identify distinct demographic and social ‘personalities’ characterized by pro-environmental and health-oriented mindsets within the heterogeneous population across three observed districts. The findings show that while strong beliefs in sustainability are common, there is a gap in translating these beliefs into action, as evidenced by low engagement with recycling and waste-burning avoidance. Furthermore, four clusters with unique profiles emerged: (1) residents dissatisfied with housing but proactive in sustainability (23.3%); (2) health-focused residents satisfied with housing but less engaged in sustainability (5.8%); (3) residents content with housing but low on health awareness and moderate in sustainability beliefs (46.8%); and (4) residents with strong sustainability beliefs but minimal pro-environmental actions (24.1%). This study offers valuable insights for policymakers to guide urban slum upgrading programs with targeted interventions addressing the unique characteristics among the residents. These findings are vital for creating a sustainable urban environment and preventing upgraded areas from reverting to slum conditions.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly promoted worldwide for simultaneously addressing environmental degradation and socio-economic challenges. The study explores the use of a rural design approach through NBS in organic rice cultivation as a strategy for preserving the cultural landscape of Mojogedang, Karanganyar, Central Java. The study offers a masterplan framework that integrates ecological principles, local wisdom, and sustainable rural development, recognizing the intrinsic link between agriculture and spatial identity. The research combines spatial rural planning, participatory design, and ecological assessment to develop a masterplan design that redefines organic farming as both a productive system and a cultural asset. The development of multipurpose rural spaces design includes reconfiguration of rice terraces to enhance visual and hydrological harmony, the restoration of traditional irrigation channels integrated with Mina Padi system cultivation and the development of multifunctional rural spaces such as eco-education hubs and biodiversity corridors. These interventions are spatially organized to strengthen the cultural legibility of the landscape while enhancing ecological function. Through a combination of field observations, land-use mapping, landscape indicator, interviews with local farmers, and participatory design process by stakeholder input. Results demonstrate improved environmental resilience, with enhanced biodiversity, landscape integrity alongside strengthened rural identity among residents. The co-design process also fosters a shared vision among farmer’s community, experts and policymakers, supporting long-term stewardship and land-based cultural continuity. Ultimately, by embedding NbS within a place-based masterplan, Mojogedang serves as a model for integrated rural transformation—where environmental, cultural, and spatial values converge in a resilient and living cultural landscape.