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Federal balance or hegemony of a regional power center: the controversy over these two concepts determined long periods of German history. The French used to refer to it as the “querelles allemandes.” The major changes that took place within just less than a year, from the autumn of 1989 to the autumn of 1990, seem to have put a final end to the dispute. On October 2, 1990, the German division came to an end. This happened not as a result of a merger of the two parts, but by five newly created states situated in the former German Democratic

Four conflict-management strategies used to address deep ethnic conflicts in the West Bank & Gaza Strip, Israel proper, Lebanon, & South Africa are discussed: partition, which applies exclusively to societies in which groups are geographically separated & their nationalisms are incompatible; ethnic democracy, a kind of democracy in which the dominance of one ethnic group is institutionalized; consociational democracy, of which the underlying assumption is that deep ethnic divisions cannot be eliminated &, therefore, should be taken as givens; & liberal democracy, in which the rights of the individual take precedence over ethnic affiliations. It is concluded that historically divided societies differ in terms of which conflict-management strategy should be applied, & that the strategy chosen will depend on the society's history & specific patterns of intercommunal relations. 16 References. W. Howard

Several ethnic conflicts are examined to find ways of resolving them peacefully. Despite the violent roots of these conflicts, they are not intractable problems.