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"Hansen"
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Early life treatment with vancomycin propagates Akkermansia muciniphila and reduces diabetes incidence in the NOD mouse
Aims/hypothesis
Increasing evidence suggests that environmental factors changing the normal colonisation pattern in the gut strongly influence the risk of developing autoimmune diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate, both during infancy and adulthood, whether treatment with vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic specifically directed against Gram-positive bacteria, could influence immune homeostasis and the development of diabetic symptoms in the NOD mouse model for diabetes.
Methods
Accordingly, one group of mice received vancomycin from birth until weaning (day 28), while another group received vancomycin from 8 weeks of age until onset of diabetes. Pyrosequencing of the gut microbiota and flow cytometry of intestinal immune cells was used to investigate the effect of vancomycin treatment.
Results
At the end of the study, the cumulative diabetes incidence was found to be significantly lower for the neonatally treated group compared with the untreated group, whereas the insulitis score and blood glucose levels were significantly lower for the mice treated as adults compared with the other groups. Mucosal inflammation was investigated by intracellular cytokine staining of the small intestinal lymphocytes, which displayed an increase in cluster of differentiation (CD)4
+
T cells producing pro-inflammatory cytokines in the neonatally treated mice. Furthermore, bacteriological examination of the gut microbiota composition by pyrosequencing revealed that vancomycin depleted many major genera of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbes while, interestingly, one single species,
Akkermansia muciniphila
, became dominant.
Conclusions/interpretation
The early postnatal period is a critical time for microbial protection from type 1 diabetes and it is suggested that the mucolytic bacterium
A. muciniphila
plays a protective role in autoimmune diabetes development, particularly during infancy.
Journal Article
Clouds
\"Readers will learn about how clouds are made and why they are important to life on Earth. This title is informative yet simple. Big text and simple sentences combined with vibrant photographs will entertain readers, teach them scientific facts, and strengthen their reading skills\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Isolation and Characterization of St-CRPs: Cysteine-Rich Peptides from the Arctic Marine Ascidian Synoicum turgens
Ascidians are a group of marine invertebrates, most of which are sessile and soft-bodied. Their lack of an adaptive immune system makes them rely on innate immune responses to detect and eliminate invading microbes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an essential part in this process. In this paper, we present the isolation, structure elucidation, and bioactivities of two new cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) from the Arctic marine ascidian Synoicum turgens. The sequences and structures of the peptides were determined by Edman degradation sequencing, mass spectrometry, and NMR analysis. This revealed two novel 2 kDa peptides, St-CRP-1 and St-CRP-2, with neutral net charge and C-terminal amidation. St-CRP-1 consisted of 18 amino acids and displayed selective and moderate growth inhibition of two Gram-positive bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium glutamicum) at 24.6 µM, whereas St-CRP-2 consisted of 19 amino acids and inhibited the growth of B. subtilis at 49.2 µM. St-CRP-1 had no effect on two mammalian cell lines or the brine shrimp Artemia salina at the highest concentration tested. Structural analysis of the St-CRPs indicated a Cys1–Cys6, Cys2–Cys4, and Cys3–Cys5 disulfide connectivity, which is also found in alpha-defensins. The results from this study show that Arctic marine ascidians are a rich source of novel bioactive peptides.
Journal Article
Turtles
Learn all about scaly and cold-blooded turtles! Complete with a More Facts section and bolded glossary terms.
Book
Bodies in Code
Bodies in Code explores how our bodies experience and adapt to digital environments. Cyberculture theorists have tended to overlook biological reality when talking about virtual reality, and Mark B. N. Hansen's book shows what they've been missing. Cyberspace is anchored in the body, he argues, and it's the body--not high-tech computer graphics--that allows a person to feel like they are really \"moving\" through virtual reality. Of course these virtual experiences are also profoundly affecting our very understanding of what it means to live as embodied beings. Hansen draws upon recent work in visual culture, cognitive science, and new media studies, as well as examples of computer graphics, websites, and new media art, to show how our bodies are in some ways already becoming virtual.
eBook
Reversible solid-oxide cells for clean and sustainable energy
This review gives first a brief view of the potential availability of sustainable energy. It is clear that over 100 times more solar photovoltaic energy than necessary is readily accessible and that practically available wind alone may deliver sufficient energy supply to the world. Due to the intermittency of these sources, effective and inexpensive energy-conversion and storage technology is needed. Motivation for the possible electrolysis application of reversible solid-oxide cells (RSOCs), including a comparison of power-to-fuel/fuel-to-power to other energy-conversion and storage technologies is presented. RSOC electrochemistry and chemistry of H2O, CO2, H2, CO, CnHm (hydrocarbons) and NH3, including thermodynamics and cell performance, are described. The mechanical strength of popular cell supports is outlined, and newly found stronger materials are mentioned. Common cell-degradation mechanisms, including the effect of common impurities in gases and materials (such as S and Si), plus the deleterious effects of carbon deposition in the fuel electrode are described followed by explanations of how to avoid or ease the consequences. Visions of how RSOCs powered by sustainable energy may be applied on a large scale for the transportation sector via power-to-fuel technology and for integration with the electrical grid together with seasonal storage are presented. Finally, a brief comparison of RSOCs to other electrolysis cells and an outlook with examples of actions necessary to commercialize RSOC applications are sketched.
Journal Article
Butterflies
This title covers everything from what butterflies look like to what they like to eat.
Book
Quantitatively Different, yet Qualitatively Alike: A Meta-Analysis of the Mouse Core Gut Microbiome with a View towards the Human Gut Microbiome
A number of human diseases such as obesity and diabetes are associated with changes or imbalances in the gut microbiota (GM). Laboratory mice are commonly used as experimental models for such disorders. The introduction and dynamic development of next generation sequencing techniques have enabled detailed mapping of the GM of both humans and animal models. Nevertheless there is still a significant knowledge gap regarding the human and mouse common GM core and thus the applicability of the latter as an animal model. The aim of the present study was to identify inter- and intra-individual differences and similarities between the GM composition of particular mouse strains and humans.
A total of 1509428 high quality tag-encoded partial 16S rRNA gene sequences determined using 454/FLX Titanium (Roche) pyro-sequencing reflecting the GM composition of 32 human samples from 16 individuals and 88 mouse samples from three laboratory mouse strains commonly used in diabetes research were analyzed using Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA), nonparametric multivariate analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and alpha diversity measures. A reliable cutoff threshold for low abundant taxa estimated on the basis of the present study is recommended for similar trials.
Distinctive quantitative differences in the relative abundance of most taxonomic groups between the examined categories were found. All investigated mouse strains clustered separately, but with a range of shared features when compared to the human GM. However, both mouse fecal, caecal and human fecal samples shared to a large extent not only representatives of the same phyla, but also a substantial fraction of common genera, where the number of shared genera increased with sequencing depth. In conclusion, the GM of mice and humans is quantitatively different (in terms of abundance of specific phyla and species) but share a large qualitatively similar core.
Journal Article