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Background Despite increasing knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across the life span, there is still little research on adults’ own experiences of being diagnosed with ADHD. The aim of the present study was to explore and describe patients’ experiences and perceptions of being diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood. The study can be seen as an attempt to validate the diagnosis from a patient perspective. Methods Twenty-one adults diagnosed with ADHD were individually interviewed. The interviews were open-ended and exploratory, analysed with a qualitative phenomenographical approach, and the results were described in categories. Results Positive experiences were dominant, but there was a complex intra- and inter-individual variation of experiences. Descriptions focused on the diagnosis, on identity, and on life. The diagnosis was described as explaining a previously inexplicable life history, but was also questioned, both as a phenomenon and in relation to the individual ( the diagnosis in focus). It was experienced as providing self-knowledge and increased value, but could also cause devaluation and concern about identity ( identity in focus). It meant help to achieve a better life, but was also perceived to restrict possibilities and cause disappointment over lack of professional help. It could lead to a wish for an earlier diagnosis that could have spared suffering, as well as to a changed view of the participants’ relatives ( life in focus). All but one of the interviewees expressed important positive consequences of being diagnosed with ADHD. About half of them acknowledged negative aspects of being diagnosed, but none regretted going through the neuropsychiatric evaluation. Conclusions From a patient perspective, there are major positive consequences of being diagnosed with ADHD, compared to the undiagnosed situation. Knowledge of the individual’s combination of experiences is important for professionals, as these experiences can affect well-being and interfere with treatment. Negative experiences in particular might need to be addressed in the treatment work.

Effective climate policy that addresses carbon dioxide emissions is essential to minimizing and addressing the impacts of ocean acidification (OA). Here we present a framework to assess the readiness of OA policy, using coral reefs as a focal system. Six dimensions encompass comprehensive preparation by ecosystems and societies for the impacts of OA and other anthropogenic hazards: (1) climate protection measures, (2) OA literacy, (3) area-based management, (4) research and development, (5) adaptive capacity of dependent sectors, and (6) policy coherence. We define standardized indicators, identify leading countries, and evaluate the case study of Australia, the country with the largest coral reef system. The framework provides a rubric for a government unit to self- assess strengths and weaknesses in policy preparedness and to prioritize future endeavors.

How does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives—self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care—are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries ( N  = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries ( N  = 10,907) for which data were gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N  = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; M age  = 24.43, SD  = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N  = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; M age  = 28.59, SD  = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people’s fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes. Measurement(s) Motivation • Emotional Well-being • Socioeconomic Indicator • Culture • Cultural Diversity Technology Type(s) survey method • digital curation Sample Characteristic - Organism Homo sapiens Sample Characteristic - Location Australia • Austria • Bolivia • Brazil • Bulgaria • Canada • Chile • China • Colombia • Czech Republic • Germany • Hong Kong • India • Israel • Italy • Japan • Kenya • Lebanon • Mexico • The Netherlands • New Zealand • Nigeria • Pakistan • Peru • The Philippines • Portuguese Republic • Romania • Russia • Saudi Arabia • Senegal • Serbia • Singapore • Slovak Republic • South Korea • Spain • Sweden • Thailand • Turkey • Uganda • Ukraine • United Kingdom • United States of America

A successful integrated ocean acidification (OA) observing network must include 1) scientists and technicians from a range of disciplines (from physics to chemistry to biology to technology development) and across the globe; 2) government, private, and intergovernmental support; 3) regional cohorts working together on regionally specific issues; 4) publicly accessible data from the open ocean to coastal to estuarine systems; 5) close integration with other networks focusing on related measurements or issues including the social and economic consequences of OA; and 6) observation-based informational products useful for decision making such as management of fisheries and aquaculture. The Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON), a key player in this vision, seeks to expand and enhance geographic extent and availability of coastal and open ocean observing data to ultimately inform adaptive measures and policy action, especially in support of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. GOA-ON works to empower and support regional collaborative networks such as the Latin American Ocean Acidification Network, supports new scientists entering the field with training, mentorship, and equipment, refines approaches for tracking biological impacts, and stimulates development of lower-cost methodology and technologies allowing for wider participation of scientists. GOA-ON seeks to collaborate with and complement work done by other observing networks such as those focused on carbon flux into the ocean, tracking of carbon and oxygen in the ocean, observing biological diversity, and determining short- and long-term variability in these and other ocean parameters through space and time.

Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma (PAL) is a rare, high-grade proliferating mesenchymal tumor with a considerable risk of metastasis, deriving from the smooth muscle wall of a central adrenal vein, or its tributaries. Roughly 40 patients with PAL have been reported in the literature. Herein, we present 3 patients with incidentally discovered PAL, along with an overview of the current knowledge on the clinical, radiological, and histopathological characteristics of PAL.

Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the general decrease in pH of the global ocean as a result of absorbing anthropogenic CO sub(2) emitted in the atmosphere since preindustrial times (Sabine et al., 2004). There is, however, considerable variability in ocean acidification, and many careful measurements need to be made and compared in order to obtain scientifically valid information for the assessment of patterns, trends, and impacts over a range of spatial and temporal scales, and to understand the processes involved. A single country or institution cannot undertake measurements of worldwide coastal and open ocean OA changes; therefore, international cooperation is needed to achieve that goal. The OA data that have been, and are being, collected represent a significant public investment. To this end, it is critically important that researchers (and others) around the world are easily able to find and use reliable OA information that range from observing data (from time-series moorings, process studies, and research cruises), to biological response experiments (e.g., mesocosm), data products, and model output.

Humans and other animals have developed several defense systems to handle living in a pathogen-rich world. These defense systems include immune responses, as well as behavioral responses aimed at supporting immune functions during the fight against the infection, called sickness behavior. Since sickness behavior is believed to be adaptive, it is possible that sickness shifts perception of the world depending on the priorities and needs of the sick individual. For instance, sick humans in general avoid social interactions to save energy, but can also approach specific people that can provide care and support. However, these ambivalent aspects of sickness behavior are understudied. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to investigate perception of sickness-relevant stimuli, and how such perception is modulated during immune activation. In particular, we assessed how immune activation affected cognitive reappraisal of emotions to unpleasant stimuli (Study I), if naïve observers can detect sick others and if this ability is affected by immune activation (Studies II-III), and if immune activation affects perception of unfamiliar caregivers (Study IV).In four studies, we used the model of experimental endotoxemia, consisting in intravenously injecting a low dose of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into healthy volunteers. The recognition of LPS by immune cells triggers inflammatory responses, and causes a transient state of sickness for a few hours, allowing studying sickness behavior in an experimental setting. In Study I, participants received an LPS or a saline (placebo) injection, and completed a task in which they were asked to down-regulate or up-regulate their emotions in response to general negative and disgust stimuli. We showed that sick participants reported a greater success in down-regulating their emotions to general negative and disgust stimuli, compared to healthy participants. In Studies II-III, we used sickness detection tasks, in which naïve observers rated the health status of stimuli consisting of photos of faces and video recordings from a walking task obtained from the participants in Study I. In Study II, naïve observers could detect sick others solely from the way they walked. In Study III, participants performed a sickness detection task, once when sick (LPS injection) and once when healthy (no injection). We showed that, when sick themselves, individuals categorized more healthy walkers as sick, and were thus less good at discriminating between sick and healthy walkers, compared to when healthy. In Study IV, we developed the Caregiver Perception Task (CgPT), which participants completed when sick (LPS injection) and when healthy (saline injection). The findings revealed that sick participants were more willing to receive care from unfamiliar care providers, compared to when healthy.This thesis adds to the current knowledge on social sickness behavior. Altogether, these findings highlight that sickness is not all about perceiving the world as more negative. Yes, sick individuals may categorize others more easily as threats, but sickness can also possibly increase the ability to feel lessnegative emotions, together with making some items and individuals in the environment more appealing (e.g., caregivers). Future studies need to investigate how such changes in perception of sickness-relevant stimuli translate into behavior.

Ocean acidification (OA) is broadly recognized as a major problem for marine ecosystems worldwide, with follow-on effects to the economies of ocean-dependent communities. The urgent need to mitigate and minimize the impacts of OA is a scientific and political priority, as highlighted by the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report (IPCC, 2022) and by the inclusion of OA as a target in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In addition, over 20 years of strong scientific evidence on the impacts of OA provides compelling arguments for urgent CO2 mitigation. Reducing CO2 emissions will require ambitious regulatory and economic instruments, as well as effective systemic changes across governments and societies. It is critical to implement adaptation measures to minimize the impact of OA, among other key environmental stressors, as the mitigation process takes time, and the impacts of OA are already felt globally. Assessing the impacts of solutions and their potential implementations requires information at local scales, considering the variabilities in marine ecosystem responses to OA (e.g., local adaptation, species redundancies).