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The Late Proterozoic Torridon Group Applecross Formation in the foreland of the Moine Thrust Belt, NW Scotland, contains deformation bands, three fracture sets (from oldest to youngest A, B, and L) defined by orientation, crosscutting relations, and progressively less quartz cement in younger sets, and joints. Set A crosscuts deformation bands and strikes north-south. Set B has trimodal orientation defining three linked subsets that formed concurrently. Set L strike ranges from NE-SW to ENE-WSW, in parent crack-wing crack arrays that formed progressively; these are more abundant near small-displacement, oblique-slip faults that offset the overlying Cambrian Eriboll Formation and the Moine Thrust Belt. Applecross sandstones have low fracture abundance, possibly a consequence of low elastic moduli (Young's modulus 2.3-17.0 GPa, most values <6.9 GPa) and moderate to high subcritical crack index (45-78), resulting from compacted soft lithic grains and clay-mineral cements. Low abundance contradicts models that postulate persistent incipient failure by subsurface fracture. The fracture sequence resembles that found in the overlying Cambrian Eriboll Formation quartzarenites, implying that no widespread late Proterozoic fracture sets exist in this part of the Applecross Formation, an uneventful record for a rock profoundly resistant to brittle deformation.

Substantial effort has been invested in developing methodologies for efficient gene transfer into human, repopulating, hematopoietic stem cells. Oncoretroviral vectors are limited by the lack of nuclear mitosis in quiescent stem cells during ex vivo transduction, whereas the preintegration complex of lentiviral vectors contains nuclear-localizing signals that permit genome integration without mitosis. We have developed a flexible and versatile system for generating lentiviral vector particles and have pseudotyped such particles with amphotropic, ecotropic, feline endogenous virus (RD114) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) envelope proteins. Particles of all four types could be concentrated ∼100-fold by ultracentrifugation or ultrafiltration. RD114 or amphotropic particles were more efficient than VSV-G-pseudotyped particles at transducing human cord blood CD34+ cells and clonogenic progenitors within that population. Amphotropic particles transduced cytokine-mobilized, human peripheral blood CD34+ cells capable of establishing hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice more efficiently than the other two types of particles. We conclude that the use of amphotropic pseudotyped lentiviral vector particles rather than the commonly used VSV-G-pseudotyped particles should be considered in potential applications of lentiviral vectors for gene transfer into this therapeutically relevant target cell population.

The growth in computing resources at scientific computing centers has created new challenges for system software. These multi-teraflop systems often exceed the capabilities of the system software and require new approaches to accommodate these large processor counts. The costs associated with development and maintenance of this software are also significant impediments, which are compounded by a lack of interoperability because of site-specific enhancements. The Scalable System Software project seeks to address these issues through a component based approach to system software development. An overview of this design and the benefits of such an approach will be discussed in this paper.

A format for longitudinally tracking interactions among measures representing different domains of communication was developed in response to calls for integrative approaches to language assessment. This longitudinal case study examined measures of segmental phonology, nonsegmental phonology, and syntax/morphology in a child with language impairment in order to illustrate the effectiveness of this format in identifying interactions. The format detected trade-offs and co-occurrences, which changed during the 6 1/2 yearsof study. The results support Crystal’s (1987) \"bucket\" theory of language and the value of integrative approaches to assessment.

One day when Stuart was going through the freight yards in search for things that should not exist there he discovered Mahoney behind a lot of rice sacks that were being shipped from New Orieans to Callfornia.

Lower limb prostheses that can generate net positive mechanical work may restore more ambulation modes to amputees. However, configuration of these devices imposes an additional burden on clinicians relative to conventional prostheses; devices for transfemoral amputees that require configuration of both a knee and an ankle joint are especially challenging. In this paper, we present an approach to configuring such powered devices. We developed modified intrinsic control strategies--which mimic the behavior of biological joints, depend on instantaneous loads within the prosthesis, or set impedance based on values from previous states, as well as a set of starting configuration parameters. We developed tables that include a list of desired clinical gait kinematics and the parameter modifications necessary to alter them. Our approach was implemented for a powered knee and ankle prosthesis in five ambulation modes (level-ground walking, ramp ascent/descent, and stair ascent/descent). The strategies and set of starting configuration parameters were developed using data from three individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputations who had previous experience using the device; this approach was then tested on three novice unilateral transfemoral amputees. Only 17% of the total number of parameters (i.e., 24 of the 140) had to be independently adjusted for each novice user to achieve all five ambulation modes and the initial accommodation period (i.e., time to configure the device for all modes) was reduced by 56%, to 5 hours or less. This approach and subsequent reduction in configuration time may help translate powered prostheses into a viable clinical option where amputees can more quickly appreciate the benefits such devices can provide.

This state-of-the-art reference book includes comprehensive coverage of the biology and control of African, Asian and South American trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness\"\") in man and animals. It describes recent research developments in the biology and molecular biology of trypanosomes (the protozoan parasite) and their vectors, and methods in diagnosis and control, such as trapping tsetse fly vectors. Different sections of the book are devoted to biology of trypanosomes, vector biology, epidemiology and diagnosis, pathogenesis, disease impact, chemotherapy and disease control, and vector control. The book contains contributions from leading experts from Europe, North and South America, and Africa.

New computerized and powered lower limb prostheses are being developed that enable amputees to perform multiple locomotion modes. However, current lower limb prosthesis controllers are not capable of transitioning these devices automatically and seamlessly between locomotion modes such as level-ground walking, stairs and slopes. The focus of this study was to evaluate different intent recognition interfaces, which if configured properly, may be capable of providing more natural transitions between locomotion modes. Intent recognition can be accomplished using a multitude of different signals from mechanical sensors on the prosthesis. Since these signals are non-stationary over any given stride, and gait is cyclical, time history information may improve locomotion mode recognition. The authors propose a dynamic Bayesian network classification strategy to incorporate prior sensor information over the gait cycle with current sensor information. Six transfemoral amputees performed locomotion circuits comprising level-ground walking and ascending/descending stairs and ramps using a powered knee and ankle prosthesis. Using time history reduced steady-state misclassifications by over half ( p  < 0.01), when compared to strategies that did not use time history, without reducing intent recognition performance during transitions. These results suggest that including time history information across the gait cycle can enhance locomotion mode intent recognition performance.