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A very precise measurement of the magnetic moment of a single electron bound to a carbon nucleus, combined with a state-of-the-art calculation in the framework of bound-state quantum electrodynamics, gives a new value of the atomic mass of the electron that is more precise than the currently accepted one by a factor of 13. Electron mass to unprecedented precision The atomic mass of the electron is a key parameter for fundamental physics. A precise determination is a challenge because the mass is so low. Sven Sturm and colleagues report on a new determination of the electron's mass in atomic units. The authors measured the magnetic moment of a single electron bound to a reference ion (a bare nucleus of carbon-12). The results were analysed using state-of-the-art quantum electrodynamics theory to yield a mass value with a precision that exceeds the current literature value by more than an order of magnitude. The quest for the value of the electron’s atomic mass has been the subject of continuing efforts over the past few decades 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Among the seemingly fundamental constants that parameterize the Standard Model of physics 5 and which are thus responsible for its predictive power, the electron mass m e is prominent, being responsible for the structure and properties of atoms and molecules. It is closely linked to other fundamental constants, such as the Rydberg constant R ∞ and the fine-structure constant α (ref. 6 ). However, the low mass of the electron considerably complicates its precise determination. Here we combine a very precise measurement of the magnetic moment of a single electron bound to a carbon nucleus with a state-of-the-art calculation in the framework of bound-state quantum electrodynamics. The precision of the resulting value for the atomic mass of the electron surpasses the current literature value of the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA 6 ) by a factor of 13. This result lays the foundation for future fundamental physics experiments 7 , 8 and precision tests of the Standard Model 9 , 10 , 11 .

This study examined the text of Matthew 24:27 using the exegetical method, which included textual, contextual, grammatical-structural, lexical and theological analysis. The purpose of this research was to evaluate and critique the interpretation put forth by the Eastern Lightning group, which claims that Christ has returned to the world as a Chinese woman through a second incarnation based on this text. However, the analysis revealed that the verse does not prophesy Christ’s second coming; rather, it depicts the nature of that coming, likening it to lightning flashing from the east to the west. This coming will be public, universal, clear, evident and witnessed by all humanity. Christ’s return has not yet occurred, but it will happen at the end of time, preceded by various terrifying events around the world known as the tribulation. Christ will return in his male form, as he ascended to heaven, not as a woman, and in his glory as King, not in the humble state of a human, to judge all humanity living on earth.Contribution: This study contributes to the discourse on Christology and eschatology by critically examining a modern theological movement in light of traditional interpretations of Scripture, providing clarity and insight into the nature of Christ’s return as articulated in the New Testament.

Recent theoretical works have proposed atomic clocks based on narrow optical transitions in highly charged ions. The most interesting candidates for searches of physics beyond the Standard Model are those which occur at rare orbital crossings where the shell structure of the periodic table is reordered. There are only three such crossings expected to be accessible in highly charged ions, and hitherto none have been observed as both experiment and theory have proven difficult. In this work we observe an orbital crossing in a system chosen to be tractable from both sides: Pr 9 + . We present electron beam ion trap measurements of its spectra, including the inter-configuration lines that reveal the sought-after crossing. With state-of-the-art calculations we show that the proposed nHz-wide clock line has a very high sensitivity to variation of the fine-structure constant, α , and violation of local Lorentz invariance; and has extremely low sensitivity to external perturbations. Atomic clocks are based on the frequency of optical transitions and offer high precision. Here the authors demonstrate a configuration crossing in the highly charged ion praseodymium (Pr 9 + ) and determine the frequency of a potential reference transition for a highly charged ion clock.

This study examines the exegetical debate concerning the antecedent pronoun ‘τοῦτο’ in Ephesians 2:8–9 and the phrase ‘ἐχαρίσθη … πιστεύειν’ in Philippians 1:29, with the primary objective of determining whether faith is a divine gift or a human response in the process of salvation. Employing a grammatical–historical exegetical approach, this study concludes that faith is best understood as a human response to divine grace rather than a direct gift from God. This conclusion is further supported by an analysis of various biblical texts that consistently indicate that while God provides every individual with the opportunity to believe in Christ, the act of faith itself remains within the domain of human responsibility. Additionally, this study highlights the translation of Soera Ni’amoni’ö concerning these texts, which aligns with its findings. Consequently, the results of this study have significant theological implications for the Nias Christian community, including Catholics, in understanding the role of faith in salvation as a human response originating from individual volition rather than as a directly bestowed gift from God. Contribution: This study contributes to soteriological scholarship by affirming, through a grammatical–historical exegetical analysis, that faith is a human response rather than a direct gift from God. Its findings enrich academic debates on the relationship between grace and faith while providing a contextual perspective through an analysis of the Soera Ni’amoni’ö translation, which aligns with this conclusion.

Inner-shell electrons naturally sense the electric field close to the nucleus, which can reach extreme values beyond 10 15  V cm −1 for the innermost electrons 1 . Especially in few-electron, highly charged ions, the interaction with the electromagnetic fields can be accurately calculated within quantum electrodynamics (QED), rendering these ions good candidates to test the validity of QED in strong fields. Consequently, their Lamb shifts were intensively studied in the past several decades 2 , 3 . Another approach is the measurement of gyromagnetic factors ( g factors) in highly charged ions 4 – 7 . However, so far, either experimental accuracy or small field strength in low- Z ions 5 , 6 limited the stringency of these QED tests. Here we report on our high-precision, high-field test of QED in hydrogen-like 118 Sn 49+ . The highly charged ions were produced with the Heidelberg electron beam ion trap (EBIT) 8 and injected into the ALPHATRAP Penning-trap setup 9 , in which the bound-electron g factor was measured with a precision of 0.5 parts per billion (ppb). For comparison, we present state-of-the-art theory calculations, which together test the underlying QED to about 0.012%, yielding a stringent test in the strong-field regime. With this measurement, we challenge the best tests by means of the Lamb shift and, with anticipated advances in the g -factor theory, surpass them by more than an order of magnitude. A high-precision, high-field test of quantum electrodynamics measuring the bound-electron g factor in hydrogen-like tin is described, which—together with state-of-the-art theory calculations—yields a stringent test in the strong-field regime.

State-of-the-art optical clocks 1 achieve precisions of 10 −18 or better using ensembles of atoms in optical lattices 2 , 3 or individual ions in radio-frequency traps 4 , 5 . Promising candidates for use in atomic clocks are highly charged ions 6 (HCIs) and nuclear transitions 7 , which are largely insensitive to external perturbations and reach wavelengths beyond the optical range 8 that are accessible to frequency combs 9 . However, insufficiently accurate atomic structure calculations hinder the identification of suitable transitions in HCIs. Here we report the observation of a long-lived metastable electronic state in an HCI by measuring the mass difference between the ground and excited states in rhenium, providing a non-destructive, direct determination of an electronic excitation energy. The result is in agreement with advanced calculations. We use the high-precision Penning trap mass spectrometer PENTATRAP to measure the cyclotron frequency ratio of the ground state to the metastable state of the ion with a precision of 10 −11 —an improvement by a factor of ten compared with previous measurements 10 , 11 . With a lifetime of about 130 days, the potential soft-X-ray frequency reference at 4.96 × 10 16 hertz (corresponding to a transition energy of 202 electronvolts) has a linewidth of only 5 × 10 −8 hertz and one of the highest electronic quality factors (10 24 ) measured experimentally so far. The low uncertainty of our method will enable searches for further soft-X-ray clock transitions 8 , 12 in HCIs, which are required for precision studies of fundamental physics 6 . Penning trap mass spectrometry is used to measure the electronic transition energy from a long-lived metastable state to the ground state in highly charged rhenium ions with a precision of 10 −11 .

Helium-3 has nowadays become one of the most important candidates for studies in fundamental physics 1 – 3 , nuclear and atomic structure 4 , 5 , magnetometry and metrology 6 , as well as chemistry and medicine 7 , 8 . In particular, 3 He nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes have been proposed as a new standard for absolute magnetometry 6 , 9 . This requires a high-accuracy value for the 3 He nuclear magnetic moment, which, however, has so far been determined only indirectly and with a relative precision of 12 parts per billon 10 , 11 . Here we investigate the 3 He + ground-state hyperfine structure in a Penning trap to directly measure the nuclear g -factor of 3 He + g I ′ = − 4.2550996069 ( 30 ) stat ( 17 ) sys , the zero-field hyperfine splitting E HFS exp = − 8 , 665 , 649 , 865.77 ( 26 ) stat ( 1 ) sys Hz and the bound electron g -factor g e exp = − 2.00217741579 ( 34 ) stat ( 30 ) sys . The latter is consistent with our theoretical value g e theo = − 2.00217741625223 ( 39 ) based on parameters and fundamental constants from ref. 12 . Our measured value for the 3 He + nuclear g -factor enables determination of the g -factor of the bare nucleus g I = − 4.2552506997 ( 30 ) stat ( 17 ) sys ( 1 ) theo via our accurate calculation of the diamagnetic shielding constant 13 σ 3 He + = 0.00003550738 ( 3 ) . This constitutes a direct calibration for 3 He NMR probes and an improvement of the precision by one order of magnitude compared to previous indirect results. The measured zero-field hyperfine splitting improves the precision by two orders of magnitude compared to the previous most precise value 14 and enables us to determine the Zemach radius 15 to r Z = 2.608 ( 24 )  fm. Measuring the hyperfine structure of a single helium-3 ion in a Penning trap enables direct measurement of the nuclear magnetic moment of helium-3 and provides the high accuracy needed for NMR-based magnetometry.

This study explores the intersection between the concept ‘kudu sumunar pindha baskara’ in the Sapta Darma Sesanti and the phrase ‘lampsatō to phōs humōn’ in Matthew 5:16. The central issue addressed is how these two concepts of light relate in ethical, spiritual and theological terms, and how their relationship may serve as a foundation for gospel contextualisation. The research employs a qualitative-critical approach through biblical text analysis (narrative hermeneutics) and a theological-cultural examination of Sapta Darma teachings via literature study and contextual interpretation. The findings reveal a similarity in the ethical dimension – namely, a call to live as light for others through open and constructive good works. However, a significant ontological difference emerges: Sapta Darma presents light as the emanation of human spirituality, whereas in Matthew 5:16, light originates from the relationship with Christ as the true light. In conclusion, the Sapta Darma Sesanti can serve as an effective starting point for gospel contextualisation, provided that the concept of light remains grounded in the Christological and soteriological framework central to Jesus’ message.  Contribution: This study contributes to the discourse on contextual theology by positioning local Sesanti as a medium for critical theological reflection. Furthermore, it enriches the methodology of gospel contextualisation in dialogue with the indigenous spirituality of the archipelago in a scholarly and responsible manner.

Highly charged iron (Fe super(16+), here referred to as Fexvii) produces some of the brightest X-ray emission lines from hot astrophysical objects, including galaxy clusters and stellar coronae, and it dominates the emission of the Sun at wavelengths near 15 angstroms. The Fexvii spectrum is, however, poorly fitted by even the best astrophysical models. A particular problem has been that the intensity of the strongest Fexvii line is generally weaker than predicted. This has affected the interpretation of observations by the Chandra and XMM-Newton orbiting X-ray missions, fuelling a continuing controversy over whether this discrepancy is caused by incomplete modelling of the plasma environment in these objects or by shortcomings in the treatment of the underlying atomic physics. Here we report the results of an experiment in which a target of iron ions was induced to fluoresce by subjecting it to femtosecond X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser; our aim was to isolate a key aspect of the quantum mechanical description of the line emission. Surprisingly, we find a relative oscillator strength that is unexpectedly low, differing by 3.6 sigma from the best quantum mechanical calculations. Our measurements suggest that the poor agreement is rooted in the quality of the underlying atomic wavefunctions rather than in insufficient modelling of collisional processes.

Fluorescence of iron ions induced by an X-ray laser allows the relative oscillator strength for Fe xvii emission to be determined; it is found to differ by 3.6 σ from the best quantum mechanical calculations, suggesting that the poor agreement between prediction and observations of the brightest Fe  xvii line is rooted in the quality of the underlying atomic wavefunctions used in the models. New look at highly charged astrophysical iron The interpretation of some of the spectral data from the Chandra and XMM-Newton orbiting X-ray missions has been complicated by discrepancies between theory and observation involving the emission lines from the highly charged Fe 16+ ion, also known as Fe XVII. Specifically, the intensity of the strongest Fe XVII line, one of the brightest X-ray emissions from galaxies and stars, is generally weaker than predicted. Sven Bernitt et al . report the results of laboratory experiments in which a target of iron ions was fluoresced with femtosecond X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser. They find a relative oscillator strength that differs by 3.6 σ from the best quantum mechanical calculations, suggesting that the poor agreement is rooted in the calculations of the underlying atomic dynamics and that the current astrophysical models are not at fault. Highly charged iron (Fe 16+ , here referred to as Fe  xvii ) produces some of the brightest X-ray emission lines from hot astrophysical objects 1 , including galaxy clusters and stellar coronae, and it dominates the emission of the Sun at wavelengths near 15 ångströms. The Fe  xvii spectrum is, however, poorly fitted by even the best astrophysical models. A particular problem has been that the intensity of the strongest Fe  xvii line is generally weaker than predicted 2 , 3 . This has affected the interpretation of observations by the Chandra and XMM-Newton orbiting X-ray missions 1 , fuelling a continuing controversy over whether this discrepancy is caused by incomplete modelling of the plasma environment in these objects or by shortcomings in the treatment of the underlying atomic physics. Here we report the results of an experiment in which a target of iron ions was induced to fluoresce by subjecting it to femtosecond X-ray pulses from a free-electron laser 4 ; our aim was to isolate a key aspect of the quantum mechanical description of the line emission. Surprisingly, we find a relative oscillator strength that is unexpectedly low, differing by 3.6 σ from the best quantum mechanical calculations. Our measurements suggest that the poor agreement is rooted in the quality of the underlying atomic wavefunctions rather than in insufficient modelling of collisional processes.