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Anthropologists working in remote communities around the world have observed local groups deploying terms from the international environmentalist lexicon, such as biodiversity and sustainable development, to defend indigenous claims to land, intellectual property rights, and political representation (Brosius 1997; Zerner 1995; Escobar 1996). Drawing from sociologist Ulrich Beck's concept of \"anthropological shock,\" the author analyzes how environmentalists connect private crises in daily life provoked by environmental risks with the development of a public identity as activists participating in a global environmental movement. In the process of seeking private partners and federal resources, local environmental groups are drawn into discourse of \"ecological modernization,\" a neo-liberal environmentalism that is friendly to capitalist development. According to Milton, environmentalism has been a particularly potent globalizing discourse because the \"particular understanding of the planet as `one place' has fuelled the development of environmentalist discourse as a global phenomenon\" (p. 171).

The Budapest Chernobyl Day commemoration generated a creative outpouring of stories about parental responsibilities, scientific knowledge, environmental risks, and public participation. I examine the stories and performances elicited by the tenth anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in April 1996. In these \"Chernobyl stories\" activists criticized scientific and state paternalism while engaging in alternative practices of citizenship. The decade between the catastrophic explosion and its commemoration coincides with the development of the Hungarian environmental movement and the transformation from state socialism. Chernobyl Day 1996 consequently became an opportunity for activists to reflect upon how the meaning of citizenship and public participation had changed in those years as well. First, the Chernobyl explosion drew into question the authority of scientific expertise and Cold War notions of technological progress, provoking the \"politicization of knowing\" for many activists. Second, personal memories of the 1986 disaster reflect how Chernobyl presented everyday life dilemmas that caused many parents and professionals to see themselves as citizens and environmentalists, a process I term the \"politicization of caring.\" I analyze the political implications of framing the environment as lifeworld, drawing from sociologist Ulrich Beck's concept of \"anthropological shock.\"

This study presents the development of the Hungarian environmental movement and its articulation of post-socialist political ecology in East-Central Europe. Environmentalism emerged as one of Hungary's predominant oppositionist political forces in the 1980s, ushering in the political changes of 1989. In the 1990s, the environmental movement has diversified to encompass the wide array of problems facing citizens, communities, and environments in the wake of Hungary's transformation from state socialism. This ethnography is based on fieldwork among environmental activists in Budapest and smaller Hungarian cities. Having experienced the degradation of human health and the environment under both socialist and capitalist regimes, Hungarian environmentalists express strong skepticism toward both systems. Their green skepticism questions the industrialist orientation and concepts of progress shared by state socialism and industrial capitalism. Post-socialist political ecology unites concerns about democratization with issues of social justice. Environmental activists' insistence on democratic participation traces its roots to their green dissident critique of state socialism. Their concerns about equity, however, stem from a growing awareness that integration into the global economy made the post-socialist countries vulnerable to environmental degradation and other risks. Green skeptics advocate an alternative, ecological model of modernization, and their vision forms the basis of an emergent critique of post-socialist political ecology. The Hungarian articulation of post-socialist political ecology has four branches of critique. First, post-socialist political ecology is concerned with ökógyarmatosítás (“eco-colonialism”), or the environmental and social consequences of capitalist expansion into East-Central Europe. Second, it presents environmental risks, from lead poisoning in Roma (Gypsy) communities to genetically engineered foods, as a question of distributive justice that may be solved only through democratic debate and awareness of economic inequalities. Third, post-socialist political economy addresses the problems of East-Central Europe's emerging consumer society, from the level of household waste to the commercialization of public space and discourse. Finally, post-socialist political ecology transforms the green dissidence of the 1980s into a call for grassroots mobilization, participatory citizenship, and responsive political institutions. Throughout the present study, I explore how these branches of critique are articulated in environmentalist discourses.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common childhood muscular dystrophy, is caused by dystrophin deficiency. Preclinical and phase 2 study data have suggested that givinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, might help to counteract the effects of this deficiency. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of givinostat in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial was done at 41 tertiary care sites in 11 countries. Eligible participants were ambulant, male, and aged at least 6 years, had a genetically confirmed diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, completed two four-stair climb assessments with a mean of 8 s or less (≤1 s variance), had a time-to-rise of at least 3 s but less than 10 s, and had received systemic corticosteroids for at least 6 months. Participating boys were randomly assigned (2:1, allocated according to a list generated by the interactive response technology provider) to receive either oral givinostat or matching placebo twice a day for 72 weeks, stratified by concomitant steroid use. Boys, investigators, and site and sponsor staff were masked to treatment assignment. The dose was flexible, based on weight, and was reduced if not tolerated. Boys were divided into two groups on the basis of their baseline vastus lateralis fat fraction (VLFF; measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy): group A comprised boys with a VLFF of more than 5% but no more than 30%, whereas group B comprised boys with a VLFF of 5% or less, or more than 30%. The primary endpoint compared the effects of givinostat and placebo on the change in results of the four-stair climb assessment between baseline and 72 weeks, in the intention-to-treat, group A population. Safety was assessed in all randomly assigned boys who received at least one dose of study drug. When the first 50 boys in group A completed 12 months of treatment, an interim futility assessment was conducted, after which the sample size was adapted using masked data from the four-stair climb assessments. Furthermore, the starting dose of givinostat was reduced following a protocol amendment. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02851797, and is complete. Between June 6, 2017, and Feb 22, 2022, 359 boys were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 179 were enrolled into the study (median age 9·8 years [IQR 8·1–11·0]), all of whom were randomly assigned (118 to receive givinostat and 61 to receive placebo); 170 (95%) boys completed the study. Of the 179 boys enrolled, 120 (67%) were in group A (81 givinostat and 39 placebo); of these, 114 (95%) completed the study. For participants in group A, comparing the results of the four-stair climb assessment at 72 weeks and baseline, the geometric least squares mean ratio was 1·27 (95% CI 1·17–1·37) for boys receiving givinostat and 1·48 (1·32–1·66) for those receiving placebo (ratio 0·86, 95% CI 0·745–0·989; p=0·035). The most common adverse events in the givinostat group were diarrhoea (43 [36%] of 118 boys vs 11 [18%] of 61 receiving placebo) and vomiting (34 [29%] vs 8 [13%]); no treatment-related deaths occurred. Among ambulant boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, results of the four-stair climb assessment worsened in both groups over the study period; however, the decline was significantly smaller with givinostat than with placebo. The dose of givinostat was reduced after an interim safety analysis, but no new safety signals were reported. An ongoing extension study is evaluating the long-term safety and efficacy of givinostat in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Italfarmaco.

Electrification to reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions is essential to mitigate climate change. However, a substantial portion of our manufacturing and transportation infrastructure will be difficult to electrify and/or will continue to use carbon as a key component, including areas in aviation, heavy-duty and marine transportation, and the chemical industry. In this Roadmap, we explore how multidisciplinary approaches will enable us to close the carbon cycle and create a circular economy by defossilizing these difficult-to-electrify areas and those that will continue to need carbon. We discuss two approaches for this: developing carbon alternatives and improving our ability to reuse carbon, enabled by separations. Furthermore, we posit that co-design and use-driven fundamental science are essential to reach aggressive greenhouse gas reduction targets. To achieve net-zero carbon emissions, we must close the carbon cycle for industries that are difficult to electrify. Developing the needed science to provide carbon alternatives and non-fossil carbon will accelerate advances towards defossilization.

Chronic cold exposure in mice increases metabolic demand and food intake; the gut correspondingly expands its absorptive surface area. Gut enteroendocrine cells produce peptide hormones including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in response to a meal to facilitate nutrient absorption and post-prandial metabolism. The requirement of GLP-1, GLP-2, and GIP receptor signaling for small intestinal adaptations to chronic cold stress has not been investigated. Here, we show that male and female wild-type, double incretin receptor knockout (Glp1r Gipr ; DIRKO), and glucagon-like peptide double receptor knockout (Glp1r Glp2r ; GLPDRKO) mice consume significantly more food over five weeks in cold (6⁰C) compared to thermoneutral (27 ⁰C; TN) conditions. Jejunal circumference, villi length, and crypt depth are significantly greater with cold-stress in WT and DIRKO mice, but not GLPDRKO mice, compared to TN controls. We show that the GLP-2R is required for jejunal villi length expansion upon cold stress despite significantly elevated plasma active GLP-1 levels. In line with this, GLPDRKO mice fail to gain body weight over the five-week experiment compared to WT controls. Therefore, while GLP-2R action is required for cold stress-induced jejunal villi lengthening, this adaptation is dispensable for body weight gain in the presence of GLP-1R signaling.