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"Harris, Jonathan P."
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The utopian globalists : artists of worldwide revolution, 1919-2009
\"An innovative history and critical account mapping the ways artists and their works have engaged with, and offered commentary on, modern spectacle in both capitalist and socialist modernism over the past ninety years. Focuses on artists whose work expresses the concept of revolutionary social transformation Provides a strong historical narrative that adds structure and clarity Features a cogent and innovative critique of contemporary art and institutions Covers 100 years of art from Vladimir Tatlin's constructivist 'Monument to the Third International', to Picasso's late 1940s commitment to Communism, to the Unilever Series sponsored Large Artworks installed at London's Tate Modern since 2000. Includes the only substantial account in print of John Lennon and Yoko Ono's 1969 Montreal 'Bed-in' Offers an accessible description and interpretation of Debord's 'society of the spectacle' theory \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Repeatability of wildlife surveys for estimating abundance: A method to assess the consistency of detection probability and animal availability
A primary consideration of abundance studies that use unmarked animals is whether survey counts accurately reflect the population size or if unknown variation in animal movement or detection probability biases counts irrespective of population size. We posited that high repeatability in counts among temporally replicated surveys would indicate that counts are a good index of abundance. We temporally replicated 49 nocturnal spotlight surveys of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) up to three times each ( n = 128 total samples) to test the repeatability of this commonly used wildlife monitoring technique. Repeatability was high ( R = 0.86), suggesting spring spotlight surveys provide a reliable index of deer population size in Iowa, USA. Fourteen percent of the variation among replicated counts was explained by day of year and, to a lesser degree, a vegetation green-up index. Detection probability was high (~0.70) early in the sampling season and declined considerably during the following 6 weeks. Deer abundance was greater at sites with higher percent landcovers of forest and hay/pasture and was lower at sites with higher landcover in crops. Our findings suggest deer managers should sample prior to green-up in the spring to maximize the proportion of the population that is detectable, and that accounting for seasonality on detection estimation is important for reliable abundance estimates if sampling occurs over a range of phenological progression. Finally, we show that temporal replication of surveys is a logistically feasible method to assess the reliability of abundance estimates from study designs that are normally conducted with single visits.
Journal Article
Multi-scale analysis of habitat fragmentation on small-mammal abundance and tick-borne pathogen infection prevalence in Essex County, MA
Habitat fragmentation and heterogeneity transform otherwise contiguous tracks of forest into smaller patches in the northeastern U.S. and likely impact abundances, movement patterns, and disease transmission pathways for small-mammal communities at multiple scales. We sought to determine the structure of a small-mammal community in terms of mammal abundance and infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), Anaplasma phagocytophilum , and Babesia microti within a fragmented landscape in Essex County, Massachusetts, USA. We studied communities at multiple spatial scales, including vegetation, edge type, and landscape (including 200-m, 500-m, and 1000-m radii) scales. A total of 16 study sites were chosen to represent four edge types: interior forest, pasture edge, natural edge, and residential edge. At each site, we trapped small mammals and conducted vegetation surveys and GIS analysis. Upon capture, a tissue sample was collected to analyze for presence of pathogens. Northern short-tailed shrew ( Blarina brevicauda ) abundance did not differ based on edge type, whereas abundance of the white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ) was greatest at pasture edges, although the relationship was relatively weak. White-footed mouse abundance was negatively associated with amount of forested area within a 500-m radius, whereas northern short-tailed shrew abundance demonstrated a positive relationship with fragmentation indices at the 200-m radius. White-footed mice captured at interior-forest habitat were more likely be infected with B . burgdorferi (s.s.) than individuals from edge habitat. Greater prevalence of B . burgdorferi infection of white-footed mice in forest interiors compared to edge habitats counters previous studies. Reasons for this and implications are discussed.
Journal Article
Mesopredator predation risk limits northern bobwhite nesting habitat
Predators can significantly limit the amount of available habitat for vulnerable prey. Encouraging spatial segregation of predators and prey through habitat management prescriptions may be a useful tool to increase productivity and abundances of prey species of conservation concern. We estimated the total area of low‐risk nesting habitat by interacting predator habitat selection models with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) nest‐site selection models. We used trail cameras, transect sampling, spotlighting transects, and incidental tracking to survey and map occurrences of mesopredators at a site in western Oklahoma, USA. We created broad‐scale resource selection function models for bobwhite nest‐site and mesopredator habitat selection using generalized linear models to create maps of occurrence probability in ArcGIS. Bobwhite nests were more likely to be depredated in areas of high selection by coyotes (Canis latrans) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) compared to areas with low mesopredator selection. Approximately 392 ha of bobwhite nesting habitat (17%) had low probabilities of selection by both coyotes and striped skunks. Our results demonstrate the need for incorporating species' interactions into estimations of available habitat. Based on the total area of highly selected cover by northern bobwhite, approximately 29% of the study area would have been deemed suitable for nesting. However, only 5% of that area is predicted to have a low predation risk.
Journal Article
Methods to account for incomplete viewsheds in distance sampling
Conventional distance sampling is a logistically feasible method for estimating densities of unmarked animals. The probability density function (PDF) of the sampling area specifies the expected proportion of the population that occurs at each distance from the observer and is a fundamental component of distance sampling models. Current approaches set this PDF either to equal probability at each distance, for line transects, or an increasing probability for point transects (because sampling area increases with radial distance from a point). Geographic Information Systems allow measurements of the area viewable from a given location (i.e. the viewshed), the structure of which may not reflect theoretical PDFs for either line (rectangular) or point (circular) transects. We simulated three datasets to test how variation in the viewshed structure affects estimates of detection probability, abundance, and density. We then implemented a novel application of Bayesian distance sampling models to test the magnitude of parameter bias recovered by accounting for incomplete viewsheds. Lastly, we compared parameter estimates from Bayesian hierarchical models that used either traditional or custom PDFs to analyse a dataset of 95 county‐level spotlight surveys of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Iowa, USA. For empirical data, viewable sampling area decreased with distance at an average rate of 3% every 100 m (range from 1% to 7% among counties). Our model correction decreased county‐level density estimates by an average of 18% (range from 13% to 27% among counties), which depended on how sharply visibility declined. We suggest incomplete viewsheds be handled by considering the expected distribution of animals inside and outside of the viewshed. More generally, we show that customizing a PDF to more accurately reflect the study system improves density estimates and offers flexibility when the distribution of animals from the observer deviates from traditional assumptions.
Journal Article
Broad-scale predictions of herpetofauna occupancy and colonization in an agriculturally dominated landscape
Predictions of species occurrence allow land managers to focus conservation efforts on locations where species are most likely to occur. Such analyses are rare for herpetofauna compared to other taxa, despite increasing evidence that herptile populations are declining because of landcover change and habitat fragmentation. Our objective was to create predictions of occupancy and colonization probabilities for 15 herptiles of greatest conservation need in Iowa. From 2006–2014, we surveyed 295 properties throughout Iowa for herptile presence using timed visual-encounter surveys, coverboards, and aquatic traps. Data were analyzed using robust design occupancy modeling with landscape-level covariates. Occupancy ranged from 0.01 (95% CI = -0.01, 0.03) for prairie ringneck snake ( Diadophis punctatus arnyi ) to 0.90 (95% CI = 0.898, 0.904) for northern leopard frog ( Lithobates pipiens ). Occupancy for most species correlated to landscape features at the 1-km scale. General patterns of species’ occupancy included negative effects of agricultural features and positive effects of water features on turtles and frogs. Colonization probabilities ranged from 0.007 (95% CI = 0.006, 0.008) for spiny softshell turtle ( Apalone spinifera ) to 0.82 (95% CI = 0.62, 1.0) for western fox snake ( Pantherophis ramspotti ). Colonization probabilities for most species were best explained by effects of water and grassland landscape features. Predictive models had strong support (AUC > 0.70) for six out of 15 species (40%), including all three turtles studied. Our results provide estimates of occupancy and colonization probabilities and spatial predictions of occurrence for herptiles of greatest conservation need across the state of Iowa.
Journal Article
Transcriptome‐wide comparison of selenium hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator Stanleya species provides new insight into key processes mediating the hyperaccumulation syndrome
Summary To obtain better insight into the mechanisms of selenium hyperaccumulation in Stanleya pinnata, transcriptome‐wide differences in root and shoot gene expression levels were investigated in S. pinnata and related nonaccumulator Stanleya elata grown with or without 20 μm selenate. Genes predicted to be involved in sulphate/selenate transport and assimilation or in oxidative stress resistance (glutathione‐related genes and peroxidases) were among the most differentially expressed between species; many showed constitutively elevated expression in S. pinnata. A number of defence‐related genes predicted to mediate synthesis and signalling of defence hormones jasmonic acid (JA, reported to induce sulphur assimilatory and glutathione biosynthesis genes), salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene were also more expressed in S. pinnata than S. elata. Several upstream signalling genes that up‐regulate defence hormone synthesis showed higher expression in S. pinnata than S. elata and might trigger these selenium‐mediated defence responses. Thus, selenium hyperaccumulation and hypertolerance in S. pinnata may be mediated by constitutive, up‐regulated JA, SA and ethylene‐mediated defence systems, associated with elevated expression of genes involved in sulphate/selenate uptake and assimilation or in antioxidant activity. Genes pinpointed in this study may be targets of genetic engineering of plants that may be employed in biofortification or phytoremediation.
Journal Article
The utopian globalists
THE UTOPIAN GLOBALISTS
\"Crossing continents, historical periods and cultural genres, Jonathan Harris skilfully traces the evolution of utopian ideals from early modernism to the spectacularised and biennialised (or banalised as some would say) contemporary art world of today.\"
Michael Asbury, University of the Arts, London
The Utopian Globalists is the second in a trilogy of books by Jonathan Harris examining the contours, forces, materials and meanings of the global art world, along with its contexts of emergence since the early twentieth century. The first of the three studies, Globalization and Contemporary Art (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), anatomized the global art system through an extensive anthology of over 30 essays contextualized through multiple thematic introductions. The final book in the series, Contemporary Art in a Globalized World (forthcoming, Wiley-Blackwell), combines the historical and contemporary perspectives of the first and second books in an account focused on the 'mediatizations' shaping and representing contemporary art and its circuits of global production, dissemination and consumption.
This innovative and revealing history examines artists whose work embodies notions of revolution and human social transformation. The clearly structured historical narrative takes the reader on a cultural odyssey that begins with Vladimir Tatlin's constructivist model for a 'Monument to the Third International' (1919), a statement of utopian globalist intent, via Picasso's 1940s commitment to Soviet communism and John and Yoko's Montreal 'Bedin', to what the author calls the 'late globalism' of the Unilever Series at London's Tate Modern.
The book maps the ways artists and their work engaged with, and offered commentary on, modern spectacle in both capitalist and socialist modernism, throughout the eras of the Russian Revolution, the Cold War and the increasingly globalized world of the past 20 years. In doing so, Harris explores the idea that the utopian -globalist lineage in art remains torn between its yearning for freedom and a deepening identification with spectacle as a media commodity to be traded and consumed.
eBook