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Hairy (Dryobates villosus) and downy (Dryobates pubescens) woodpeckers occur in high densities in residential areas of the eastern United States. In many areas of their range, they cause damage to wooden structures through foraging, excavation of nesting cavities, and drumming behaviors, causing requests for allowable take permits. Both species hold year-round territories, which could make them vulnerable to local extirpation with excess take. To meet the requirements of the Migratory Bird Treaty act, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) requested scientifically informed evaluation of take to minimize population effects as part of its approach to reduce human–wildlife conflict. We used a prescribed take approach, which uses data from population, demographic, and management parameter estimates to determine the allowable take from Louisiana to Minnesota and all states east. Furthermore, we used 2 different methods of estimating growth rates to control for demographic uncertainties. The resulting estimates provide take at the state and USFWS regional scales to improve stakeholder choices when setting allowable take. Current authorized take (2016–2018) is below the take that could be sustained by current populations, and current rates of take are not likely to cause population-level effects. These results were largely consistent across methodologies for calculating the rate of growth for both species. Take still needs to be managed to prevent local extirpation of these resident species. Allowable take estimates should be periodically updated to reflect changing management and population needs for both species.

Community surveys reveal that about 6% of the adult male and 1% of the adult female population in England and Wales are drinking at high risk levels. Alcohol Problems in the Community examines the implications of recent community care legislation for government policy on alcohol. The first part of the book begins with a report on recent US research on the role of alcohol in the perpetration of child abuse and recent research on young people's drinking problems. This is followed by a study on the prevalence of drinking problems amongst older people which has been underestimated. In the second half of the book empirical evidence is presented on the particular difficulties faced by ethnic, migrant and homeless groups and this emphasis on the centrality of social disadvantage leads on to a consideration of a specific social work role in the assessment and management of alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Problems in the Community is aimed at social work practitioners and students on prequalifying, qualifying and postqualifying social work courses, and it addresses key social work issues in relation to poverty, homelessness, discrimination and drinking problems.

Aims. To determine whether social class is a major influence on alcohol‐related mortality in the general, economically active population of Great Britain. Design and participants. Poisson regression of rates of mortality known to be directly caused by alcohol consumption by age, sex and social class in England, Wales and Scotland. Measurements. The measure of alcohol‐related mortality is total deaths from ICD‐9 categories 291; 303; 357.5; 425.5; 535.3; 305; 790.3; and 571.0‐571.3 over the 7‐year period 1988‐94. (It excludes deaths for which alcohol‐attributable fractions would need to be calculated.) The measure of social class is the British Registrar General's six‐fold occupational classification, used to code census and death certification data. Findings. Alcohol‐related mortality rates are higher for men in the manual occupations than in the non‐manual occupations, but the relative magnitude depends on age. Men aged 25‐39 in the unskilled manual class are 10‐20 times more likely to die from alcohol‐related causes than those in the professional class, whereas men aged between 55 and 64 in the unskilled manual class are only about 2.5‐4 times more likely to die. For women in paid employment there is no consistent class gradient; younger women in the manual classes are more likely to die from alcohol‐related causes, but for older women it is those in the professional class who suffer elevated mortality . Conclusions. Social class is a risk factor for alcohol‐related mortality in Britain, although it is mediated by age and sex. Alcohol appears to be similar to other psychoactive substances, therefore, in that problem use is linked to social structural factors such as poverty, disadvantage and social class. This suggests that social interventions aimed at reducing poverty and inequality have the potential to reduce current levels of alcohol‐related harm among the poorest groups in the community.

Analyzes baseline variables to examine associations among control and labeling theory variables, diversion, gender, and drug use. Results show that changes in drug use over time appeared to be a function of several complicated processes. Reports other findings and suggests that studies of deviant behavior need to be multitheoretical. (RJM)