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Two-dimensional materials constitute a promising platform for developing nanoscale devices and systems. Their physical properties can be very different from those of the corresponding three-dimensional materials because of extreme quantum confinement and dimensional reduction. Here we report a study of TiTe 2 from the single-layer to the bulk limit. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we observed the emergence of a (2 × 2) charge density wave order in single-layer TiTe 2 with a transition temperature of 92 ± 3 K. Also observed was a pseudogap of about 28 meV at the Fermi level at 4.2 K. Surprisingly, no charge density wave transitions were observed in two-layer and multi-layer TiTe 2 , despite the quasi-two-dimensional nature of the material in the bulk. The unique charge density wave phenomenon in the single layer raises intriguing questions that challenge the prevailing thinking about the mechanisms of charge density wave formation. Due to reduced dimensionality, the properties of 2D materials are often different from their 3D counterparts. Here, the authors identify the emergence of a unique charge density wave (CDW) order in monolayer TiTe 2 that challenges the current understanding of CDW formation.

Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for treatment failure. However, their identification and roles in resistance are not well established in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: Three HNSCC cell lines (FaDu, Detroit562 and BICR6) were treated with cisplatin or radiation. Cell surface antigens were analysed by LyoPlate, a novel cell surface antigen array. The expression levels of antigens highly expressed after treatments were further compared between cisplatin-resistant Detroit562 cells and its parental line. Association of the candidate antigen with CSCs properties, namely sphere formation and in vivo tumourigenicity, was also examined. Results: CD10, CD15s, CD146 and CD282 were upregulated across the treated cell lines, while the increased expression of CD10 was prominent in the cisplatin-resistant cell line. Isolation mediated by FACS revealed that the CD10-positive subpopulation was more refractory to cisplatin, fluorouracil and radiation than the CD10-negative subpopulation. It also showed an increased ability to form spheres in vitro and tumours in vivo. Moreover, the CD10-positive subpopulation expressed the CSC marker OCT3/4 at a higher level than that in the CD10-negative subpopulation. Conclusions: CD10 is associated with therapeutic resistance and CSC-like properties of HNSCC. CD10 may serve as a target molecule in the treatment of refractory HNSCC.

Background: Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis because of its high refractoriness to chemotherapy and tumour recurrence, and these properties have been attributed to cancer stem cells (CSCs). MicroRNA (miRNA) regulates various molecular mechanisms of cancer progression associated with CSCs. This study aimed to identify the candidate miRNA and to characterise the clinical significance. Methods: We established gemcitabine-resistant Panc1 cells, and induced CSC-like properties through sphere formation. Candidate miRNAs were selected through microarray analysis. The overexpression and knockdown experiments were performed by evaluating the in vitro cell growth and in vivo tumourigenicity. The expression was studied in 24 pancreatic cancer samples after laser captured microdissection and by immunohistochemical staining. Results: The in vitro drug sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells was altered according to the miR-1246 expression via CCNG2 . In vivo , we found that miR-1246 could increase tumour-initiating potential and induced drug resistance. A high expression level of miR-1246 was correlated with a worse prognosis and CCNG2 expression was significantly lower in those patients. Conclusions: miR-1246 expression was associated with chemoresistance and CSC-like properties via CCNG2, and could predict worse prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients.

After global observations of asteroid 25143 Itokawa by the Hayabusa spacecraft, we selected the smooth terrain of the Muses Sea for two touchdowns carried out on 19 and 25 November 2005 UTC for the first asteroid sample collection with an impact sampling mechanism. Here, we report initial findings about geological features, surface condition, regolith grain size, compositional variation, and constraints on the physical properties of this site by using both scientific and housekeeping data during the descent sequence of the first touchdown. Close-up images revealed the first touchdown site as a regolith field densely filled with size-sorted, millimeter- to centimeter-sized grains.

Experiments on crater formation in the strength regime were conducted using projectiles of various shapes with an aspect ratio of ~ 1, including both solid and hollow interiors. The surface diameter, inner (pit) diameter, and depth of the craters on basalt and porous gypsum targets were measured. Using the bulk density of the projectile, the surface diameter and depth for basalt and the pit diameter and depth for porous gypsum were scaled using the pi-scaling law for crater formation in the strength regime. The numerical code iSALE was used to simulate the impact of projectiles of various shapes and interior structure with similar bulk densities. Results show that the distributions of the maximum (peak) pressure experienced and particle velocity in the targets were similar regardless of projectile shape and interior structure, implying that the dimensions of the final craters were almost identical. This is consistent with the experimental results. Thus, we conclude that the size of the craters formed by the impact of projectiles with different shape and interior structure can be scaled using a conventional scaling law in the strength regime, using bulk density as projectile density.

Exposure to air pollution has been a significant challenge in large cities as São Paulo, Brazil, particularly for individuals exercising outdoors. The increasing on ventilation (VE) during physical effort can lead to greater pollutant inhalation. Our goal in the present study evaluated whether air pollution exposure affects venous blood gases and if it has an impact on performance during a 50‐km cycling time trial (TT). Ten male cyclists performed the TT in an environmental chamber under TRAP and filtered air conditions. Venous blood samples collected pre‐ and post‐TT were analyzed for pH, PvCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood), PvO2 (partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood) hematocrit (Htc), hemoglobin (Hb), and oxygen saturation (SvO2). PM2.5 levels were significantly lower in filtered air (11.2 ± 4.7 μm/m3) than in TRAP (34.6 ± 10.8 μm/m3). There was no significant difference in mean power output between conditions (p = 0.907, d = 0.038). Blood gas parameters showed no condition effect or interaction, but time significantly affected PvO2 (p = 0.04), Hb (p < 0.01), Htc (p < 0.01), and PvCO2 (p = 0.02). These findings suggest recreationally trained cyclists experience no performance impairment under TRAP, with minimal changes in venous blood gas parameters. Changes in blood gas parameters following a 50‐km cycling time trial performed in a real‐world air‐polluted environment.

Abstract Introduction TS-142 is a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) developed for the treatment of insomnia. Here we report its pharmacokinetic profile in the healthy subjects and its efficacy and safety in patients with insomnia. Methods A phase1 study was conducted to clarify pharmacokinetic profile, in which various doses of TS-142 (1–30 mg) were orally administered once to thirty two healthy subjects. Subsequently, a phase 2a study utilizing polysomnography (PSG) was carried out in patients with primary insomnia, in which 5, 10, or 30 mg of TS-142, or placebo was randomly administered in a double-blind manner. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) were also examined in the morning after PSG. Results Following single administration of TS-142, plasma concentration of unchanged compound reached maximum within 2.50 h (median), and then eliminated rapidly, giving mean elimination half-life between 1.32 and 3.25 h. Twenty-three patients with insomnia completed the Phase2a study. Both latency to persistent sleep (LPS) and wake after sleep onset (WASO) were significantly improved with TS-142 at all doses, in comparison with placebo (-42, -42 and -45 for LPS [min] and -28, -35 and -55 for WASO [min] in 5, 10, 30 mg, respectively). KSS and DSST administered in the morning indicated no serious hangover effects. No serious adverse events were observed in these trials. Conclusion The phase 1 trial showed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. The phase 2a trial demonstrated that TS-142 was efficacious in objective sleep onset and maintenance with minimal next-day residual effects. TS-142 was generally well tolerated in both studies. Support Taisho Pharmaceutical. Co., Ltd.

JSNS 2  (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment that searches for sterile neutrinos via the observation of ν ¯ μ → ν ¯ e  appearance oscillations using muon decay-at-rest neutrinos. The JSNS 2  experiment performed data taking from 2021. In this manuscript, a study of the accidental background is presented. The rate of the accidental background is ( 9.29 ± 0.39 ) × 10 - 8 /spill with 0.75 MW beam power and comparable to the expected number of signal events.

Background T1 gastric cancer can be diagnosed only by endoscopy and is almost curable by local treatment. It has been unclear how a multidetector-row computed tomography (CT) evaluation is valuable for clinical T1 patients. Methods Patients with clinical T1 disease, as diagnosed by endoscopy and treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or surgery between October 2000 and October 2007, were examined. The efficacy of CT was evaluated by the reversal rate of endoscopic T1 by CT, the incidence of clinical M1 disease, and the accuracy of diagnosing pathological N+ disease in patients who received surgery. To confirm metachronous distant and nodal metastases, the disease-free survival (DFS) also was evaluated. Results A total of 761 patients, 236 treated by ESD and 525 treated with surgery, were examined. None of the patients had an endoscopic diagnosis of clinical T1 reversed by CT. No clinical M1 disease was found. Among the 525 patients who underwent surgery, 8 showed clinical N+ disease (1.5 %), while 47 demonstrated pathological N+ disease (8.9 %). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values were 90.3, 4.3, 98.7, 25, and 91.3 %, respectively. The 5-year DFS rate was 93.6 % (95 % confidence interval 91.4–95.8 %). Conclusions The present study suggests that diagnostic value of CT is limited for staging of clinical T1 gastric cancer patients, because the reversal rate of endoscopic T1 by CT was very low, clinical M1 disease was rare, the diagnosis of N+ status was unreliable, and metachronous M1 and N+ findings were rare.

Abstract JSNS $$^2$$ 2  (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment that searches for sterile neutrinos via the observation of $$\\bar{\\nu }_{\\mu } \\rightarrow \\bar{\\nu }_{e}$$ ν ¯ μ → ν ¯ e  appearance oscillations using muon decay-at-rest neutrinos. The JSNS $$^2$$ 2  experiment performed data taking from 2021. In this manuscript, a study of the accidental background is presented. The rate of the accidental background is ( $$9.29\\pm 0.39) \\times 10^{-8}$$ 9.29 ± 0.39 ) × 10 - 8 /spill with 0.75 MW beam power and comparable to the expected number of signal events.