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Ionizing radiation is considered hazardous to human health but it is very crucial for many applications such as nuclear fuel processing and medical radiography. Glass has played a huge role as a shielding material for ionizing radiation in the application that requires line of sight. Nowadays, lead glass is commonly used in industry due to its properties of high density. However, lead toxicity can give harmful effects on humans’ health and the environment. As for concrete, it takes a lot of space, blocks the line of sight and the density of concrete may reduce due to prolonged exposure to radiation. To cater these problems, this study proposed a glass composition that is thulium doped zinc borotellurite glass. Thulium is used due to its potential such as resistance to corrosion and oxidation, good ductility and does not pose any environmental threat. In this study, Phy-X and WinXCom software is used. The main goal of this research is to study the theoretical radiation shielding parameters of thulium doped zinc borotellurite glass. Based on the results, it is found that the best glass sample is the sample composition with 5% thulium oxide whereby it has the highest value for mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), atomic cross section (ACS), electronic cross section (ECS) and effective atomic number (Z eff ). The best glass sample with 5% thulium oxide also yields the results of the lowest half-value layer (HVL) and mean free path (MFP). Comparing the results of Phy-X and WinXCom, it is found that the deviation between the software is less than 5%. Also, when the results for each radiation shielding parameter of 5% thulium oxide are compared with other radiation shielding materials, significant results are found where the proposed glass sample provides better shielding against gamma radiation.

In this research, the study of two dopants, strontium oxide and manganese oxide were thoroughly investigated based on the elastic properties for the purpose of high strength glass application. The melt quenching technique method was used to synthesize two series of borotellurite glass systems doped with manganese and strontium. Elastic measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the prepared glass samples. The increment of molar volume confirmed the theory that molar volume is inversely proportional to the density parameters. A broad hump was observed during XRD as the samples shows pure amorphous nature. In FTIR, the vibrations of the functional group of the tellurite network were recorded such as TeO 4 trigonal bipyramids and TeO 3 trigonal pyramids, by addition of both dopants. On the other hand, ultrasonic velocity was used to determine the elastic moduli of the glass such as bulk modulus, shear modulus, longitudinal modulus, Young’s Modulus, microhardness and Poisson’s ratio which showed decreasing and increasing trends with the increased concentration of MnO 2 and SrO respectively. It is also inferred that strontium oxide has better elastic properties than manganese oxide.

A series of Tm-doped zinc borotellurite glass have been extracted by conventional melt-quenching method. The density was measured and it had been found that the value is increased by the increment of Tm3+ ion. The elastic properties of the sample were determined by measuring longitudinal and shear velocities using an ultrasound technique. Then the values inserted into equations that calculate the elastic moduli of the glass samples. These include longitudinal, shear, bulk, Young’s modulus and also the Poisson’s ratio. The longitudinal and shear velocities show an increment as Tm3+ increases from 0.01 to 0.03 mol content. The trend then changes as Tm3+ increases from 0.03 to 0.05 mol content. In terms of elastic moduli, it produces a rapid increment with Tm3+ until 0.03 mol content. But after that, the increment becomes slow until 0.05 mol of Tm3+. The value of Poisson’s ratio decreases with the addition of Tm3+ concentration.

Lanthanum and silver co-doped zinc borotellurite glasses having chemical composition of [{[(TeO2)0.7(B2O3)0.3]0.7(ZnO)0.3}0.96 (La NPs)0.04]1-x(Ag2O)x with 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.10 molar fraction were fabricated via melt-quenching technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the samples through the presence of broad hump instead of sharp peaks. Optical properties of the samples were determined through ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) in the range of 220 to 800 nm. Fundamental absorption edge observed in the optical absorption spectra shifts to longer wavelength as the concentration of silver in the glass system increases. Decreasing trend for indirect energy band gap and increasing trend of Urbach energy values with the increment of Ag content suggest the contribution of Ag to the formation of nonbridging oxygen. Enhanced optical properties of the prepared glass hints the possible application of the glass material as optical fiber in photonic field.

Effects of gamma radiation on the elastic properties of {[(TeO2)0.7(B2O3)0.3]0.7[ZnO]0.3}0.99{Tm2O3}0.01 (thulium doped zinc borotellurite glass) were investigated. Glass samples were prepared using the melt-quenching technique. Density and ultrasonic velocity of glasses before and after irradiation process were measured using Electronic Densimeter MD-300S and Ritec Ram-5000 Snap System, respectively. Next, elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio of the glasses were calculated. Atomic ring size of the glass network was also calculated to support the attained results. Results show that density varied after radiation and maximised at 20 kGy. This is attributed to the breaking and rearrangement of chemical bonding in the glass network due to radiation. Furthermore, all elastic parameters exhibited an increasing trend that indicated the strengthening of the glass samples as well as increment of its rigidity. Besides that, atomic ring size was found to decrease as radiation dose increased. This indicate that compaction of glass network took place as the samples were exposed to gamma rays which in turn contributed to the elevation of elastic moduli of the prepared glass.