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Interconnected spherical metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized in the current study using a green chemistry method. The reduction of silver ions to Ag NPs was carried out with low-cost and eco-friendly quince leaves. For the first time, it was confirmed that the extract solution of quince leaves could be used to perform green production of Ag NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted to identify the potential biomolecules that were involved in the Ag NPs. The results depicted that the biosynthesis of Ag NPs through the extract solution of quince leaf was a low-cost, clean, and safe method, which did not make use of any contaminated element and hence, had no undesirable effects. The majority of the peaks in the FTIR spectrum of quince leaf extracts also emerged in the FTIR spectrum of Ag NPs but they were found to be of less severe intensity. The silver ion reduction was elaborated in detail on the basis of the FTIR outcomes. In addition, through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the Ag NPs were also confirmed to be crystalline in type, owing to the appearance of distinct peaks related to the Ag NPs. The creation of Ag NPs was furthermore confirmed by using absorption spectrum, in which a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak at 480 nm was observed. The LSPR peak achieved in the present work was found to be of great interest compared to those reported in literature. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images were used to provide the morphology and grain size of Ag NPs. It was shown from the FESEM images that the Ag NPs had interconnected spherical morphology.

This study’s primary purpose was to investigate the possible amelioration of limited irrigation conditions by mycorrhiza (AMF), vermicompost, and green manure for lingrain plants. This experiment was accomplished as a factorial based on the completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was green manure (without green manure and with Trifolium pratense as green manure); the second factor consisted of Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhiza, vermicompost, a combination of mycorrhiza and vermicompost and none of them, and also the third factor was irrigation regime (full irrigation and late-season water limitation). Green manure, vermicompost, and mycorrhiza single-use enhanced the plant’s underwater limitation conditions compared to the control. However, vermicompost and green manure or mycorrhiza developed a positive synergistic effect on most traits. Combining green manure with the dual fertilizer (mycorrhiza + vermicompost) resulted in the vermicompost and mycorrhiza synergistic effects, especially under limited irrigation. Consequently, the combination of green manure, mycorrhiza, and vermicompost experienced the highest amount of leaf relative water content, root colonization, leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, antioxidant enzymes activity, grain yield, and oil yield, which would lead to more resistance of plants to limited irrigation conditions.

Based on sequence data of the nuclear ETS markers of 20 species, the relationships of sections Hedysarum and Multicaulia were assessed. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the complete sequences using the Neighbor-Joining methods. The nuclear marker ETS is investigated for the first time in the most species excluding H. hedysaroides, H. inundatum, H. ferganense , and H. neglectum . The length of sequences varies from 349 to 357 nucleotides. It is noteworthy that ETS data significantly discriminate H. ferganense from both sections, Hedysarum and Multicaulia. Moreover, our results did not support the subsectional division of Multicaulia section. Therefore, the ETS sequence data obtained in our study for 20 taxa of Hedysarum evidence the nonmonophyly of section Multicaulia .

Transgenic hairy root system is a promising source of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants with high pharmaceutical value.For the first time, hairy roots were established in different explants of Linum mucronatum, an anti-cancer agent producing plant, via amikimopine type strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, ‘A13’. The percentage of hairy root induction varied from 0 to 60% depended onthe explants and hypocotyl (including cotyledonary node) explants were found to be highly susceptible to A. rhizogenes infection withthe highest (60%) rate of hairy root induction. four different Murashige and Skoog (MS)-based liquid culture media were used for wellestablishment of hairy roots. Hairy root growth medium D (HRGM-D) containing hormone-free MS basal medium with an extra oneday pre-incubation period at 35°C was found to be more efficient for profuse growth (fresh weight; 8500 mg per 25 ml culture medium)of hairy roots. Hairy root system presented in this study may offer a suitable platform for optimization and production of satisfactorylevel of aryltetralin lignans like podophyllotoxin and its derivatives from L. mucronatum.

This study's primary purpose was to investigate the possible amelioration of limited irrigation conditions by mycorrhiza (AMF), vermicompost, and green manure for lingrain plants. This experiment was accomplished as a factorial based on the completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was green manure (without green manure and with Trifolium pratense as green manure); the second factor consisted of Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhiza, vermicompost, a combination of mycorrhiza and vermicompost and none of them, and also the third factor was irrigation regime (full irrigation and late-season water limitation). Green manure, vermicompost, and mycorrhiza single-use enhanced the plant's underwater limitation conditions compared to the control. However, vermicompost and green manure or mycorrhiza developed a positive synergistic effect on most traits. Combining green manure with the dual fertilizer (mycorrhiza + vermicompost) resulted in the vermicompost and mycorrhiza synergistic effects, especially under limited irrigation. Consequently, the combination of green manure, mycorrhiza, and vermicompost experienced the highest amount of leaf relative water content, root colonization, leaf nitrogen, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, antioxidant enzymes activity, grain yield, and oil yield, which would lead to more resistance of plants to limited irrigation conditions.

In this study, levels of MDA, total protein, soluble sugars, and enzymes activity including POX, APX, and CAT were measured in 12 dSm−1 NaCl treated seedlings belong to Licord (drought sensitive cultivar) and SLM046 (drought tolerant cultivar) of Brassica napus. The results showed that salinity increased the amount of MDA, soluble sugars and total protein in both cultivars. Two cultivars partially displayed different trend concerning enzymatic activities under salt stress experiment. Moreover, transcript abundance of four genes involved in signal transduction pathway including Auxin responsive protein, Protein kinase, MAPK3 and MAPK4 were explored at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h under 12 dSm−1 NaCl treatment using RT-PCR approach. The molecular analyses of Licord cultivar revealed the lowest accumulation of all genes after 6 h exposure to NaCl except MAPK3 which was detected at the highest level at this time point. Molecular results of SLM046 cultivar showed that maximum expression of all genes occurred after 6 h treatment except MAPK3 which showed the lowest transcript at 6 h. Our studies indicate better response of SLM046 cultivar to salinity condition compared to Licord cultivar.

Shohada Protected Area, consisting of Shohada Valley and it's adjacent areas with an area of 577 hectares is located in south of Urmia, and is known as an important natural plant station of Urmia. It is studied with respect to the important factors which influence the vegetation cover in whole, particularly, with regard the composition and formation of plant communities. To study the area, Brown-Blanquet's method was used. Plant samples were taken from 77 sample plots. The study resulted in recognition of four herbaceous types and seven shrub types in the studied area. In addition, the investigation led to the fact that the most important factors which influence the vegetation cover, are: geographical orientation, altitude, gradient and soil texture. The study also resulted in preparation of a colored vegetation map with a scale of 1:20000.

Shohada Protected Area, consisting of Shohada Valley and it s adjacent areas with an area of 577 hectares is located in south of Urmia, and is known as an important natural plant station of Urmia. It is studied with respect to the important factors which influence the vegetation cover in whole, particularly, with regard the composition and formation of plant communities. To study the area, Brown-Blanquet s method was used. Plant samples were taken from 77 sample plots. The study resulted in recognition of four herbaceous types and seven shrub types in the studied area. In addition, the investigation led to the fact that the most important factors which influence the vegetation cover, are: geographical orientation, altitude, gradient and soil texture. The study also resulted in preparation of a colored vegetation map with a scale of 1:20000.

There are many powerful microscopy technologies available for the investigation of bulk materials as well as for thin film samples. Nevertheless, for imaging an interface, especially live cells on a substrate and ultra thin-films, only Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is available. This TIRF microscopy allows imaging without interference of the bulk. Various approaches are employed in fluorescence microscopy applications to restrict the excitation and detection of fluorophores to a thin region of the specimen. Elimination of background fluorescence from outside the focal plane can dramatically improve the signal-to-noise ratio, and consequently, the spatial resolution of the features or events of interest. TIRF microscopy is an evanescent field based microscopy. In this method, fluorescent dyes are only excited within an evanescent field: roughly within 100 nm above a glass coverslip. This will allow imaging surface and interfacial issues of the glass coverslip and an adjacent material. Waveguide evanescent field fluorescence (WEFF) microscopy is a new development for imaging cell-substrate interactions in real time and in vitro. It is an alternative to TIRF microscopy. In this method the light is coupled into a waveguide via an optical grating. The coupled light propagates as a waveguide mode and exhibits an evanescent field on top of the waveguide. This can be used as a surface-bound illumination source to excite fluorophores. This evanescent field serves as an extremely powerful tool for quality control of thin films, to study cell-substrate contacts, and investigating the effect of external agents and drugs on the cell-substrate interaction in real time and in vitro. This new method has been established and optimized to minimize non-uniformity, scattering and photo bleaching issues. Visualizing and quantifying of the cell-substrates and solid thin films have been carried out by WEFF microscopy. The images of the cell-substrate interface are captured and collected during the experiment, permitting time lapse analysis. As a proof of concept, we have monitored the response of cells on the waveguide surface to an external lethal agent. Imaging analysis showed very low photobleaching. Therefore photobleaching can be neglected during the experiments. The effects of secondary patterns (inhomogeneities) in the grating and scratches and inhomogeneities in the wave guiding film on the fluorescence background, ultra-thin film and cell-substrate contact regions image were investigated. In conclusion, we developed and established WEFF microscopy and have visualized and quantified solid thin films thicknesses and cell-substrate contact regions. The achieved low scattering results in an improved signal-to-noise ratio and increased sensitivity. Photobleaching and phototoxicity are largely reduced compared to other microscopy techniques. Therefore imaging can be carried out over extended periods and having better temporal resolution without sample damage, such as effect of external agents on the cell-substrate contact regions. Keywords. Waveguide Evanescent Field Fluorescence Microscopy, Evanescent Field, Ion-exchanged Waveguides, TE modes, TM modes, Electromagnetic Field Distribution, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Optical Waveguides, Imaging, Interface, Triton X-100, Focal Contacts, Close Contacts, Cell-Substrate Contact Regions, Cell-Substrate Separation Distances, Photobleaching, Phototoxicity, Cell-Substrate Interaction, Langmuir-Blodgett Films, Phase Separated Lipid Films, SGG 11 Glass, Resolution, Total Internal Reflection, Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy, Osteoblast Cells, Grating Coupling, Prism Coupling, Grating.