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This study aims to empirically examine the influence of bank-specific determinants, macroeconomic factors, and governance factors on profitability in Iraq’s banking industry. In addition, bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants were included in the analysis. In terms of governance, the average of corruption control and rule of law was used. Different pre-estimation tests were used to check the properties of the data. The method of moment quantile regression was used as the baseline model. The PCSE and FGLS techniques were used for robustness checks. A sample of balanced panel data consisting of nine commercial banks listed on the Iraq stock exchange from 2012 to 2021 was selected. The results suggested that liquidity and total debt to total shareholders’ equity ratios have a significant positive relationship with ROA. Inflation and openness negatively impact bank profitability only at the 50th and 90th quantiles. Institutional governance appeared to be a positive and significant contributor to bank profitability. The findings suggest that a certain level of liquidity is required for a continuous increase in ROA. Moreover, institutional governance emerged as a noteworthy and positive factor influencing bank profitability.

This study examines the intricate interplay of political stability, natural resource rent, industrialization, globalization, economic growth, and carbon emissions in nine Arab resource-abundant countries (ANRAC) from 1996 to 2019. Applying advanced statistical approaches, such as the Method of Moment Quantiles Regression (MMQREG) as a baseline estimation approach, along with the inclusion of PCSE, FGLS, and FMOLS, to enhance, to enhance the reliability and stability of the obtained results. The study results suggest that globalization, coupled with the interplay between political stability and economic growth, fosters advancements in environmental conditions and the pursuit of sustainable practices. In contrast, political stability, abundant natural resources, sustained economic expansion, and widespread industrialization are associated with increased CO2 emissions, posing detrimental effects on the environment. Notably, there seems to be a correlation between the concurrent improvement of political stability and economic growth and a reduction in CO2 emissions. 

The issues of environmental degradation, climate change, and rising temperatures are a real and growing concern for humanity at the level of individuals, groups, and societies. Reducing greenhouse gas is an important element for nations to achieve their ambitious climate-resilient growth goals. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of environment-related technology, structural change, income, and globalization on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the top twenty emitter countries from 1997 to 2019. To this end, this study has applied the new and widely used method of moment quantile regression (MMQREG) to permit the estimation of relationships across the distribution of an outcome.  In order to test the reliability of the benchmark estimation results, this article uses three different methods for robust testing, the PCSE, FGLS and the linear regression with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors. The main findings of this paper show that environment-related technology, structural change, and globalization helps to boost ecological quality. Moreover, there is strong evidence on the existence of an N shape EKC. Based on the findings of this paper, governments should encourage investment in environment related technology and post the transition to services-based economies.

The purpose of this research is to investigate whether oil abundance in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries promotes or hinders their economic growth. Therefore, several variables were utilized to include: the gross domestic product (GDP), oil production, gross fixed capital formation, total population, electricity consumption, and inflation. The study covers 37 consecutive years from 1981 to 2017, and employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to estimate the oil-growth long-run relationship. The findings reveal that oil abundance in the GCC countries had both short-run and long-run growth-enhancing effect. In addition, the variables of total population, electricity consumption and gross fixed capital formation found to have significant positive coefficients in the long-run, suggesting that oil sector has given the opportunity to other factors of production to contribute to economic growth. Similarly, the results show a positive relationship between inflation and economic growth suggesting that higher rate of inflation is associated with faster economic growth. The study concludes that oil abundance on its own does not behave as a curse in the GCC countries.