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Background: Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is an enzyme upregulated by hypoxia during tumour development and progression. This study was conducted to assess if the expression of CAIX in tumour tissue and/or plasma can be a prognostic factor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Tissue microarrays containing 555 NSCLC tissue samples were generated for quantification of CAIX expression. The plasma level of CAIX was determined by ELISA in 209 of these NSCLC patients and in 58 healthy individuals. The CAIX tissue immunostaining and plasma levels were correlated with clinicopathological factors and patient outcome. Results: CAIX tissue overexpression correlated with shorter overall survival (OS) ( P =0.05) and disease-specific survival (DSS) of patients ( P =0.002). The CAIX plasma level was significantly higher in patients with NSCLC than in healthy individuals ( P <0.001). A high level of CAIX in the plasma of patients was associated with shorter OS ( P <0.001) and DSS ( P <0.001), mostly in early stage I+II NSCLC. Multivariate Cox analyses revealed that high CAIX tissue expression ( P =0.002) was a factor of poor prognosis in patients with resectable NSCLC. In addition, a high CAIX plasma level was an independent variable predicting poor OS ( P <0.001) in patients with NSCLC. Conclusion: High expression of CAIX in tumour tissue is a predictor of worse survival, and a high CAIX plasma level is an independent prognostic biomarker in patients with NSCLC, in particular in early-stage I+II carcinomas.

Cortactin is an actin-binding Src substrate involved in cell motility and invasion. In this study, we sought to examine the prognostic importance of cortactin protein expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To do so, cortactin and EGF receptor (EGFR) expression was retrospectively evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray composed of 176 HNSCCs with a mean follow-up time of 5 years. Cortactin immunoreactivity was weak to absent in normal epithelial tissue. Overexpression of the protein in 77 out of 176 tumours (44%) was associated with more advanced tumour-node-metastasis stage and higher histologic grade. Cortactin overexpression was associated with significantly increased local recurrence rates (49 vs 28% for high and low expressing carcinomas, respectively), decreased disease-free survival (17 vs 61%), and decreased the 5-year overall survival of (21 vs 58%), independently of the EGFR status. In multivariate analysis, cortactin expression status remained an independent prognostic factor for local recurrence, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Importantly, we identified a subset of patients with cortactin-overexpressing tumours that displayed low EGFR levels and a survival rate that equalled that of patients with tumoral overexpression of both EGFR and cortactin. These findings identify cortactin as a relevant prognostic marker and may have implications for targeted therapies in patients with HNSCC.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is necessary for Kaposi sarcoma (KS) to develop, but whether the tissue viral load is a marker of KS progression is still unclear. Little is known about the level of expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins and of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in KS tumour cells relative to HHV8 expression. We therefore investigated the expression of the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA-1) of HHV8, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bax, Bcl-xL, caspase 3 and HIF-1αin KS tissue specimens at different stages of the disease. The expression of these proteins was evaluated immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays (TMAs) in tissue specimens from 245 HIV-positive patients at different stages of the disease. Both LANA-1 and HIF-1α were expressed in KS biopsies taken at different stages, but their level increased throughout tumour progression. Additionally, the levels of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were higher in visceral KS lesions compared to levels observed in cutaneous and mucosal KS. This study demonstrates that late tumour stages of KS in tissues from HIV-positive patients are associated with high levels of LANA-1, HIF-1α and of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Finally, the expression of these proteins can be potentially used as a tissue biomarker in defining patients with a higher risk of disease progression.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is necessary for Kaposi sarcoma (KS) to develop, but whether the tissue viral load is a marker of KS progression is still unclear. Little is known about the level of expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins and of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in KS tumour cells relative to HHV8 expression. We therefore investigated the expression of the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA-1) of HHV8, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bax, Bcl-xL, caspase 3 and HIF-1αin KS tissue specimens at different stages of the disease. The expression of these proteins was evaluated immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays (TMAs) in tissue specimens from 245 HIV-positive patients at different stages of the disease. Both LANA-1 and HIF-1α were expressed in KS biopsies taken at different stages, but their level increased throughout tumour progression. Additionally, the levels of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were higher in visceral KS lesions compared to levels observed in cutaneous and mucosal KS. This study demonstrates that late tumour stages of KS in tissues from HIV-positive patients are associated with high levels of LANA-1, HIF-1α and of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Finally, the expression of these proteins can be potentially used as a tissue biomarker in defining patients with a higher risk of disease progression.

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is necessary for Kaposi sarcoma (KS) to develop, but whether the tissue viral load is a marker of KS progression is still unclear. Little is known about the level of expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins and of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in KS tumour cells relative to HHV8 expression. We therefore investigated the expression of the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA-1) of HHV8, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bax, Bcl-xL, caspase 3 and HIF-1alphain KS tissue specimens at different stages of the disease. The expression of these proteins was evaluated immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays (TMAs) in tissue specimens from 245 HIV-positive patients at different stages of the disease. Both LANA-1 and HIF-1alpha were expressed in KS biopsies taken at different stages, but their level increased throughout tumour progression. Additionally, the levels of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were higher in visceral KS lesions compared to levels observed in cutaneous and mucosal KS. This study demonstrates that late tumour stages of KS in tissues from HIV-positive patients are associated with high levels of LANA-1, HIF-1alpha and of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Finally, the expression of these proteins can be potentially used as a tissue biomarker in defining patients with a higher risk of disease progression.

America's new cold war. Dead Ends: American foreign policy in the New Cold War Stanley Hoffmann Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger. 1983. 299pp. £21.00. Peddlers of Crisis: The Committee on the Present Danger and the politics of containment Jerry W Sanders London: Pluto Press. 1983. 371pp. £5.95pb. The Limits and Possibilities of Congress Philip Brenner New York: St Martin's Press. 206pp. np. America and the Americans Edmund Fawcett and Tony Thomas London: Fontana. 1983. 486pp. £2.95pb. Dictatorships and Double Standards: rationalism and reason in politics Jeane J Kirkpatrick New York: Simon and Schuster. 1982. 270pp. $14.95. The Rich and the Poor: development, negotiations and cooperation-an assessment Edited by Altaf Gauhar London: Third World Foundation. 1983. 273pp. £4.50. Towards a New Bretton Woods: challenges for the world financial and trading system Commonwealth Study Group London: Commonwealth Secretariat. 1983. 147pp. £5.00pb. The City and the Grassroots: a cross-cultural theory of urban social movements Manuel Castells London: Edward Arnold. 1983. 450pp. £35.00. Secondary Cities in Developing Countries: policies for diffusing urbanisation Dennis A Rondinelli London: Sage. 1983. 282pp. np. Management of Pastoral Development in the Third World Stephen Sandford London: John Wiley. 1983. 316pp. £16.95. Socialist Models of Development Edited by Charles K Wilber and Kenneth P Jameson Oxford: Pergamon. 1982. 240pp. £20.00. Rural Poverty and Agrarian Reform Edited by Steve Jones, P C Joshi and Miguel Murmis New Delhi. Allied Publishers (distributed in the UK by Dereham Books). 1982. 384pp. £10.00. The Recalcitrant Rich: a comparative analysis of the Northern responses to the demands for international economic order Edited by H O Bergesen, H H Holm and R D McKinlay London: Frances Pinter. 1982. 265pp. £13.75. Rich Country Interests and Third World Development Edited by Robert Cassen, Richard Jolly, John Sewell and Robert Wood London: Croom Helm. 1982. 369pp. £15.95. The World Bank: a critical analysis Cheryl Payer London: Monthly Review Press. 1982. 414pp. £12.95. The International Economy and Industrial Development: trade and investment in the Third World R Ballance, J Ansari and H Singer Brighton, England: Harvester Press. 1982. 326pp. £22.50. The Political Economy of Underdevelopment Tamas Szentes Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. 1983. 425pp. £28.75. Can the Third World Survive? Jacques Loup London: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1983. 244pp. £8.95pb. Appropriate or Underdeveloped Technology? Arghiri Emmanuel Chichester, England: John Wiley. 1982. 186pp. £11.00. Economic Sanctions: ideals and experience M S Daoudi and M S Dajani London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1983. 263pp. £14.95. Social Clauses and International Trade Gote Hansson London: Croom Helm. 1983. 198pp. £12.95. Village Water Supply in the Decade: lessons from experience Colin Glennie Chichester, England: John Wiley. 1983. 152pp. £12.95. Economics of African Agriculture John Levi and Michael Havinden London: Longman. 1982. 175pp. £3.95. Ethiopia: an heretical revolution? René Lefort London: Zed Press. 1983. 301pp. £17.95. £6.95pb. Split Vision: the portrayal of Arabs in the American media Edited by Edmund Ghareeb Washington DC: American-Arab Affairs Council. 1983. 402pp. $12.95 $6.95pb. A Quiet Violence: view from a Bangladesh village Betsy Hartmann and James Boyce London: Zed Press. 1983. 285 pp. £12.95. £5.95pb. Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union Shirin Akiner London: Kegan Paul International. 1983. 462pp. £25.00. Thailand: society and politics John L S Girling London: Cornell University Press. 1981. 306pp. np. Merchant Banking in ASEAN: a regional examination of its development and operations Michael T Skully Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 1983. 200pp. £21.00. Women, Work and Property in North-West India Ursula Sharma London: Tavistock Publications. 1983. 226pp. £10.50. £5.95pb. Threats to Security in East Asia-Pacific Charles E Morrison Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books. 1983. 221pp. £22.50. No Fist Is Big Enough To Hide the Sky: the liberation of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Basil Davidson London: Zed Press. 1981. 187pp. £16.95. Amilcar Cabrai: revolutionary leadership and people's war P Chabal Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983. 272pp. £22.50. £9.95pb. The Economies of the ASEAN Countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand Brian Wawn London: Macmillan. 1982. 188pp. £25.00. The Development of Labour Intensive Industry in ASEAN Countries Edited by Rashid Amjad Geneva: ILO. 1981. 337pp. $10.00. Environmental Assessment of Development Projects UN Asian and Pacific Development Centre Kuala Lumpur: UNAPDC. 1983. 334pp. $10.00. Between Battles and Ballots: Israeli military in politics Yoram Peri Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983. 344pp. £19.50. Global Environmental Issues: United Nations Environment Programme Edited by Essam El-Hinnawi and Manzur H Hashmi Dublin: Tycooly International (for UNEP). 1982. 236pp. £25.00. £15.00pb. The Newly Industrialising Countries: trade and adjustment Louis Turner and Neil McMullen London: George Allen and Unwin (for the Royal Institute of International Affairs). 1982. 290pp. £18.00. An Atlas of World Affairs (Seventh Edition) Andrew Boyd London: Methuen. 1983. 208pp. £3.95pb. An Atlas of African Affairs Ieuan LL Griffiths London: Methuen. 1984. 200pp. £4.95pb. Guide to Current National Bibliographies in the Third World G E Gorman and M M Mahoney Munich: Saur Verlag KG. 1983. 220pp. £15.00. EEC and the Third World: a survey-2: hunger in the world Edited by Christopher Stevens London: Hodder and Stoughton (with the Overseas Development Institute and the Institute of Developmental Studies). 1982. 177pp. £5.95pb. EEC and the Third World: a survey-3: the Atlantic rift Edited by Christopher Stevens Lonidon: Hodder and Stoughton (with the Overseas Development Institute and the Institute of Development Studies). 1983. 242pp. £6.95pb. The International Foundation Directory (Third Edition) Consultant Editor: H V Hodson London: Europa Publications. 1983. 401pp. £24.00. Human Food Uses: a cross-cultural comprehensive annotated bibliography Robert L Freedman London: Greenwood Press. 1983. 552pp. £55.95. Atlas of the Third World George Thomas Kurian London: Mansell Publishing. 1983. 381pp. £47.50. The Genius of Arab Civilisation: source of renaissance (Second Edition) Edited by J R Bayes Henley, England: Kegan Paul International. 1983. 260pp. £20. The African Book World and Press: a directory (Third Edition) Edited by Hans M Zeil and Carol Bundy Munich: Saur Verlag KG. 1983. 285pp. DM188. The SCOLMA Directory of Libraries and Special Collections on Africa in the United Kingdom and Western Europe (Fourth Edition) Edited by Harry Hannam Munich: Saur Verlag KG. 1983. 183pp. DM80. Libraries in West Africa: a bibliography (Third Edition) Helen Davies Munich: Saur Verlag KG. 1982. 170pp. £16. Africa Index to Continental Periodical Literature (Number 3) Edited by Colin Darch and O C Mascaranhas Munich: Saur Verlag KG. 1981. 191pp. £14.00. Subject Catalog Africa (Volume 6) Edited by Irmtraud Dietlinde Wolcke-Renk Munich: Saur Verlag KG. 1982. 460pp. DM180.