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In a climate of pervasive teacher shortages, initiatives have focused on attracting new teachers to the profession, with hardest-to-staff schools more likely to fill vacancies with early-career teachers, including those with conditional status. In Australia, workforce policy prioritises induction and mentoring to support transition to the profession and improve retention. This paper aims to understand mentor teacher experiences in hardest-to-staff schools, where a growing cohort of inexperienced teachers increases the need for mentoring. The analysis is based on data from semi-structured interviews conducted with teachers in six schools across two Australian states, as part of a larger project exploring work experiences of teachers in hardest-to-staff schools. In addition to formal mentoring, our findings illustrate that in these schools, informal and incidental mentoring is widespread. Further, the iterative nature of novice teacher induction creates a sense of ambivalence in longer-serving teachers. While experienced teachers find reward in supporting early-career colleagues, the hidden labour inherent to constant incidental mentoring encroaches on the time available to manage their own workload, sometimes leading to frustration and even resentment. We conclude that while mentoring is crucial with so many new entrants to the profession, policymakers should be aware of the labour associated with increased incidental mentoring to avoid unintended consequences for teachers who find themselves in the position of supporting growing numbers of new staff.

There has been a minimal increase in minority presence in the nursing workforce. This basic qualitative research study sought to discover the experiences of socio-cultural significance that influenced the voluntary academic withdrawal of African American and Hispanic American nursing students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather rich data from the learners’ perspectives and the impact of their socio-cultural influences on their nursing school experiences and decision-making. Six former nursing students of African American and Hispanic American ethnicities from the South Atlantic region of the United States who have voluntarily withdrawn from the nursing program and enrolled in a different academic track in pursuit of a non-nursing degree were participants of the study. Findings indicated that the decision-making of African American students is culturally grounded but varies among the ethnic subcultures. The most significant influencers were family and community. Hispanic perspectives were limited due to the low number of Hispanic participants. Participants noted fear, lack of preparation, familial observations and influence, lack of resources, feeling of mistreatment by some faculty, and, to a lesser degree, comfort as relevant to his or her experience and decision to withdraw from nursing. Implementation of methods to evaluate students’ motivation to pursue a degree in nursing before enrollment would potentially minimize time and finances lost to the pursuit of a degree that may not be fulfilling or of genuine interest to the student. Creating early access/engagement programs that have a global reach includes minority and disadvantaged student populations to foster interest and formulate remedies that aid in increasing their potential to enroll and succeed in nursing. As a result of the political climate and its unexpected influence on migrant families’ immigration status, an opportunity to evaluate long-term behavioral health effects within the migrant community was an incidental finding.

Working Paper No. 24913 Low birth weight infants born to mothers with low educational attainment have a double hurdle to overcome in the production of human capital. We examine whether income transfers in the form of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments for children with disabilities can help close the gap in outcomes due to this initial health and environmental disadvantage. We exploit a discontinuity in SSI eligibility at 1200 grams and use a regression discontinuity approach to produce causal estimates of the effects of SSI eligibility. We find that eligibility increases disability benefit participation, improves child outcomes and parenting behaviors, and shifts maternal labor supply from full to part time.

Respect for patient autonomy is highly valued in American society and in nursing professional codes of ethics. US law protects the right of patients to self-determination in health care decisions. Advanced practice registered nurses must be able to identify patients who are not competent to make these decisions and the surrogates who will make decisions in their place. Advance planning with patients and providing optimal support for their surrogates are part of individualized, total-patient care and key to promoting best outcomes for patients and their families who are experiencing extremely difficult choices and significant life transitions.

The intent of criminal background checks (CBCs) is to provide a safeguard for the public by ensuring the good moral character of nurses. As the public demands more scrutiny, hospitals and schools of nursing are joining regulatory boards in requiring CBCs of nurse practitioners and students, citing their responsibility to protect public health and safety. Although this screening practice has been implemented across the nation, research is limited that addresses the best practices for screening in nursing licensure, education, and employment. Enhanced standards could mean that APRNs would not have to repeat CBCs for school, nursing licenses, and employers.

Low birth weight infants born to mothers with low educational attainment have a double hurdle to overcome in the production of human capital. We examine whether income transfers, in the form of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments, can help close the gap in outcomes due to this initial health and environmental disadvantage. We exploit a discontinuity in SSI eligibility at 1200 grams and, using a regression discontinuity approach, produce plausibly causal estimates of the effects of SSI eligibility. We find that it increases SSI enrollment, improves child outcomes, and shifts maternal labor supply from full to part time.

Low birth weight infants born to mothers with low educational attainment have a double hurdle to overcome in the production of human capital. We examine whether income transfers in the form of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments for children with disabilities can help close the gap in outcomes due to this initial health and environmental disadvantage. We exploit a discontinuity in SSI eligibility at 1200 grams and use a regression discontinuity approach to produce causal estimates of the effects of SSI eligibility. We find that eligibility increases disability benefit participation, improves child outcomes and parenting behaviors, and shifts maternal labor supply from full to part time.

Father engagement in parenting programs is vital for positive child development and family wellbeing, yet fathers remain underrepresented in parenting programs. This study examines factors influencing fathers’ participation using two discrete choice experiments. Experiment 1 identified key attributes affecting engagement, including program content, cost, and delivery modality. Experiment 2 refined these insights, showing a preference for cost-free, face-to-face programs with practical activities. Findings highlight the importance of addressing financial barriers; offering flexible, relevant content; and designing father-friendly programs to improve accessibility and inclusivity. By prioritising fathers’ needs and preferences, parenting programs can better support child and family outcomes, fostering greater engagement and promoting equality across diverse family systems.

Background Evaluation approaches such as ripple effects mapping (REM) and realist evaluation have emerged as popular methodologies to evidence impact, and the processes of change within public health as part of whole systems approaches. Despite the various examples of their implementation across different evaluation settings, there has been little or no evidence of how they might be effective when combined. Methods With REM’s potential to pragmatically illustrate impact, and realist evaluation’s strength to identify how and why impacts emerge, this paper develops a rationale and process for their amalgamation. Following this, we outline a realist-informed ripple effects mapping (RREM) protocol drawing upon a physical activity based case study in Essex that may be suitable for application within evaluation settings in a range of public health, whole system and physical activity settings. Discussion Combining these two approaches has the potential to more effectively illuminate the impacts that we see within public health and whole system approaches and initiatives. What is more, given the complexity often imbued within these approaches and initiatives, they hold capability for also capturing the causal mechanisms that explain these impacts. Conclusions It is our conclusion that when combined, this novel approach may help to inspire future research as well as more effective evaluation of public health and whole system approaches. This is crucial if we are to foster a culture for learning, refinement and reflection.

Aim To investigate some of the environmental variables underpinning the past and present distribution of an ecosystem engineer near its poleward range edge. Location >500 locations spanning >7,400 km around Ireland. Methods We collated past and present distribution records on a known climate change indicator, the reef‐forming worm Sabellaria alveolata (Linnaeus, 1767) in a biogeographic boundary region over 182 years (1836–2018). This included repeat sampling of 60 locations in the cooler 1950s and again in the warmer 2000s and 2010s. Using species distribution modelling, we identified some of the environmental drivers that likely underpin S. alveolata distribution towards the leading edge of its biogeographical range in Ireland. Results Through plotting 981 records of presence and absence, we revealed a discontinuous distribution with discretely bounded sub‐populations, and edges that coincide with the locations of tidal fronts. Repeat surveys of 60 locations across three time periods showed evidence of population increases, declines, local extirpation and recolonization events within the range, but no evidence of extensions beyond the previously identified distribution limits, despite decades of warming. At a regional scale, populations were relatively stable through time, but local populations in the cold Irish Sea appear highly dynamic and vulnerable to local extirpation risk. Contemporary distribution data (2013–2018) computed with modelled environmental data identified specific niche requirements which can explain the many distribution gaps, namely wave height, tidal amplitude, stratification index, then substrate type. Main conclusions In the face of climate warming, such specific niche requirements can create environmental barriers that may prevent species from extending beyond their leading edges. These boundaries may limit a species’ capacity to redistribute in response to global environmental change.