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"He, Bin"
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Intrinsic functional neuron-type selectivity of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a promising neuromodulation technique, but its mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesize that if tFUS parameters exhibit distinct modulation effects in different neuron populations, then the mechanism can be understood through identifying unique features in these neuron populations. In this work, we investigate the effect of tFUS stimulation on different functional neuron types in in vivo anesthetized rodent brains. Single neuron recordings were separated into regular-spiking and fast-spiking units based on their extracellular spike shapes acquired through intracranial electrophysiological recordings, and further validated in transgenic optogenetic mice models of light-excitable excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We show that excitatory and inhibitory neurons are intrinsically different in response to ultrasound pulse repetition frequency (PRF). The results suggest that we can preferentially target specific neuron types noninvasively by tuning the tFUS PRF. Chemically deafened rats and genetically deafened mice were further tested for validating the directly local neural effects induced by tFUS without potential auditory confounds.
Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique with high spatial specificity. The authors show that excitatory and inhibitory neurons respond differently to tFUS, suggesting the possibility of preferentially targeting specific neuron types via noninvasive tFUS.
Journal Article
Novel Fuzzy PID-Type Iterative Learning Control for Quadrotor UAV
Due to the under-actuated and strong coupling characteristics of quadrotor aircraft, traditional trajectory tracking methods have low control precision, and poor anti-interference ability. A novel fuzzy proportional-interactive-derivative (PID)-type iterative learning control (ILC) was designed for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The control method combined PID-ILC control and fuzzy control, so it inherited the robustness to disturbances and system model uncertainties of the ILC control. A new control law based on the PID-ILC algorithm was introduced to solve the problem of chattering caused by an external disturbance in the ILC control alone. Fuzzy control was used to set the PID parameters of three learning gain matrices to restrain the influence of uncertain factors on the system and improve the control precision. The system stability with the new design was verified using Lyapunov stability theory. The Gazebo simulation showed that the proposed design method creates effective ILC controllers for quadrotor aircraft.
Journal Article
Transcranial focused ultrasound to V5 enhances human visual motion brain-computer interface by modulating feature-based attention
A brain-computer interface (BCI) enables users to control devices with their minds. Despite advancements, non-invasive BCIs still exhibit high error rates, prompting investigation into the potential reduction through concurrent targeted neuromodulation. Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technology with high spatiotemporal precision. This study examines whether tFUS neuromodulation can improve BCI outcomes, and explores the underlying mechanism of action using high-density electroencephalography (EEG) source imaging (ESI). As a result, V5-targeted tFUS significantly reduced the error in a BCI speller task. Source analyses revealed a significantly increase in theta and alpha activities in the tFUS condition at both V5 and downstream in the dorsal visual processing pathway. Correlation analysis indicated that the connection within the dorsal processing pathway was preserved during tFUS stimulation, while the ventral connection was weakened. These findings suggest that V5-targeted tFUS enhances feature-based attention to visual motion.
Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a non-invasive brain modulation technology with high spatiotemporal specificity. Here, authors found tFUS can significantly enhance a brain-computer interface speller by delivering low-intensity tFUS to visual cortex during the task in naïve human subjects.
Journal Article
Power allocation between radar and jammer using conflict game theory
Conflict game theory is employed to analyze the countermeasure relationship between radar systems and jammers. To address this issue, a novel utility function and a Conflict Power Allocation Game (CPAG) algorithm are introduced for determining the Nash Equilibrium (NE) solution of the game. The utility function enables the calculation of optimal power response functions for both the radar system and the jammer, with the NE solution of the CPAG algorithm obtained through numerical computation. Simulation results demonstrate the convergence of the proposed CPAG algorithm to the NE solution, validating its efficacy. Finally, an analysis of the relationship between the utility function and pricing factors is conducted based on the proposed CPAG algorithm and simulation outcomes.
This article introduces a novel utility function and a Conflict Power Allocation Game (CPAG) algorithm to analyze the countermeasure game dynamics between radar and jammer systems. By deriving optimal response functions using the utility function, the Nash Equilibrium (NE) solution of the game is calculated, demonstrating convergence of the CPAG algorithm. Simulation results validate the efficacy of the proposed approach, highlighting the relationship between the utility function and pricing factors.
Journal Article
New integral inequalities and asymptotic stability of fractional-order systems with unbounded time delay
The stability analysis of fractional-order systems with unbounded delay remains an open problem. In this paper, we firstly explore two new integral inequalities. Using these two integral inequalities obtained, the Halanay inequality with unbounded delay is extended to Caputo fractional-order case and Riemann–Liouville fractional-order case. Finally, several examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the fractional Halanay inequalities in obtaining the asymptotic stability conditions of fractional-order systems with unbounded delay.
Journal Article
Community structure and diversity characteristics of rhizosphere and root endophytic bacterial community in different Acacia species
Rhizosphere and endophytic microbiota significantly affect plant growth and development by influencing nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. Herein, root and rhizosphere soil of
Acacia
species were collected and analyzed to compare the structural differences of the rhizosphere and root endophytic bacterial communities. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology was employed to analyze the rhizosphere and root endophytic bacterial communities. A total of 4249 OTUs were identified following sequence analysis. The rhizosphere soil contained significantly more OTUs than the root soil. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that bacterial communities exhibited significant specificity in the rhizosphere and root soil of different
Acacia
species. The most dominant phylum in the rhizosphere soil was Acidobacteria, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, whereas the dominant phylum in the root soil was Proteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria. Among the various
Acacia
species, specific bacterial communities displayed different abundance. We systematically described the core bacteria in the rhizosphere and root endophytic bacterial communities and predicted their relevant functions. The type and abundance of specific bacteria were correlated with the nutrient absorption and metabolism of the
Acacia
species. This study addresses the complex host-microbe interactions and explores the rhizosphere and root bacterial community structure of different
Acacia
species. These results provide new insights into the role of rhizosphere and root endophytic bacterial communities on the growth and reproduction of
Acacia
, thus informing future efforts towards sustainable development and utilization of
Acacia
.
Journal Article
Characteristics and genesis of permian chert in the middle and upper Yangtze Region, China
Cherts, as chemical sedimentary formations, serve as repositories of historical evolutionary data encompassing paleotectonics, paleogeography, and paleoclimate. Furthermore, they play a crucial role as geological foundations for oil and gas exploration. In the Upper Yangtze region, the origin and underlying genesis mechanisms of unstratified cherts from the Permian period have been subject to ongoing debate. This study employs lithological analyses including outcrop profiles and thin-section observations alongside geochemical analyses of macronutrients, trace elements, and rare earth elements to investigate the depositional environment of laminated cherts from the Permian era. Additionally explored are the siliciclastic origins of non-laminated cherts and the diagenetic mechanisms at play in this area. The findings indicate that stratified chert in the Middle and Upper Yangtze regions originate from basin sedimentation below the carbonate compensation depth interface while unstratified chert primarily form through dissolution of carbonates attributable to both hydrothermal activity and seawater processes. This comprehensive investigation provides a robust geological foundation for oil and gas exploration within this study area while also serving as a valuable reference for future research on studies related to chert.
Journal Article
Ultrahigh transverse thermoelectric power factor in flexible Weyl semimetal WTe2
Topological semimetals are well known for their interesting physical properties, while their mechanical properties have rarely received attention. With the increasing demand for flexible electronics, we explore the great potential of the van der Waals bonded Weyl semimetal WTe
2
for flexible thermoelectric applications. We find that WTe
2
single crystals have an ultrahigh Nernst power factor of ~3 Wm
−1
K
−2
, which outperforms the conventional Seebeck power factors of the state-of-the-art thermoelectric semiconductors by 2–3 orders of magnitude. A unique band structure that hosts compensated electrons and holes with extremely high mobilities is the primary mechanism for this huge Nernst power factor. Moreover, a large Ettingshausen signal of ~5 × 10
−5
KA
−1
m is observed at 23.1 K and 9 T. In this work, the combination of the exceptional Nernst–Ettingshausen performance and excellent mechanical transformative ability of WTe
2
would be instructive for flexible micro-/nano-thermoelectric devices.
Flexible thermoelectrics are of great interest with increasing demand of flexible and wearable electronics. Here, the authors demonstrate that the Weyl semimetal, WTe2, has a high Nernst power factor and great mechanical flexibility.
Journal Article
Exploring Training Effect in 42 Human Subjects Using a Non-invasive Sensorimotor Rhythm Based Online BCI
Electroencephalography based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) show promise of providing an alternative communication channel between the brain and an external device. It is well acknowledged that BCI control is a skill and could be improved through practice and training. In this study, we explore the change of BCI behavioral performance as well as the electrophysiological properties across three training sessions in a pool of 42 human subjects. Our results show that the group average of BCI accuracy and the information transfer rate improved significantly in the third session compared to the first session; especially the significance reached in a smaller subset of a low BCI performance group (average accuracy <70%) as well. There was a significant difference of event-related desynchronization (ERD) lateralization for BCI control between the left- and right-hand imagination task in the last two sessions, but this significant difference was not revealed in the first training sessions. No significant change of
value or event-related desynchronization and synchronization (ERD/ERS) for either channel C3 or channel C4, which were used for online control, was found across the training sessions. The change of ERD lateralization was also not significant across the training sessions. The present results indicate that BCI training could induce a change of behavioral performance and electrophysiological properties quickly, within just a few hours of training, distributed into three sessions. Multiple training sessions might especially be beneficial for the low BCI performers.
Journal Article